An extreme event of sea-level rise along the Northeast coast of North America in 2009–2010

Goddard, Paul B; Yin, Jingxue; Griffies, Stephen M.; Zhang, Shaoqing

doi:10.1038/ncomms7346

Cited by 171 publications

(166 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…This effect is shown to be important from 1986 to 1998 compared to the periods before and after (Meinen et al 2010). Indeed, the 2009-2010 extreme SLR along the US northeast coast has been attributed to a strong negative NAO superimposed on a 30 % AMOC reduction (Goddard et al 2015). Note that the inverted barometer (IB) effect accounts for approximately 50 % of the extreme SLR event (Piecuch and Ponte 2015).…”

Section: Nao-related Sea Level Patternsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial Patterns of Sea Level Variability Associated with Natural Internal Climate Modes

et al. 2016

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Sea level rise (SLR) can exert significant stress on highly populated coastal societies and low-lying island countries around the world. Because of this, there is huge societal demand for improved decadal predictions and future projections of SLR, particularly on a local scale along coastlines. Regionally, sea level variations can deviate considerably from the global mean due to various geophysical processes. These include changes of ocean circulations, which partially can be attributed to natural, internal modes of variability in the complex Earth's climate system. Anthropogenic influence may also contribute to regional sea level variations. Separating the effects of natural climate modes and anthropogenic forcing, however, remains a challenge and requires identification of the imprint of specific climate modes in observed sea level change patterns. In this paper, we review our current state of knowledge about spatial patterns of sea level variability associated with natural climate modes on interannual-to-multidecadal timescales, with particular focus on decadal-to-multidecadal variability. Relevant climate modes and our current state of understanding their associated sea level patterns and driving mechanisms are elaborated separately for the Pacific, the Indian, the Atlantic, and the Arctic and Southern Oceans. We also discuss the issues, challenges and future outlooks for understanding the regional sea level patterns associated with climate modes. Effects of these internal modes have to be taken into account in order to achieve more reliable near-term predictions and future projections of regional SLR.

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Section: Nao-related Sea Level Patternsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial Patterns of Sea Level Variability Associated with Natural Internal Climate Modes

et al. 2016

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“…Additionally, changes in the distribution of mass in the atmosphere can lead to noticeable changes in regional sea level (e.g. Goddard et al, 2015).…”

Section: H2 Pressure Applied To the Ocean Surface -Psomentioning

confidence: 99%

OMIP contribution to CMIP6: experimental and diagnostic protocol for the physical component of the Ocean Model Intercomparison Project

et al. 2016

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Abstract. The Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (OMIP) is an endorsed project in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6). OMIP addresses CMIP6 science questions, investigating the origins and consequences of systematic model biases. It does so by providing a framework for evaluating (including assessment of systematic biases), understanding, and improving ocean, sea-ice, tracer, and biogeochemical components of climate and earth system models contributing to CMIP6. Among the WCRP Grand Challenges in climate science (GCs), OMIP primarily contributes to the regional sea level change and near-term (climate/decadal) prediction GCs.OMIP provides (a) an experimental protocol for global ocean/sea-ice models run with a prescribed atmospheric forcing; and (b) a protocol for ocean diagnostics to be saved as part of CMIP6. We focus here on the physical component of OMIP, with a companion paper (Orr et al., 2016) detailing methods for the inert chemistry and interactive biogeochemistry. The physical portion of the OMIP experimental protocol follows the interannual Coordinated Ocean-ice Reference Experiments (CORE-II). Since 2009, CORE-I (Normal Year Forcing) and CORE-II (Interannual Forcing) have become the standard methods to evaluate global ocean/sea-ice simulations and to examine mechanisms for forced ocean climate variability. The OMIP diagnostic protocol is relevant for any ocean model component of CMIP6, including the DECK (Diagnostic, Evaluation and Characterization of Klima experiments), historical simulations, FAFMIP (Flux Anomaly Forced MIP), C4MIP (Coupled Carbon Cycle Climate MIP), DAMIP (Detection and Attribution MIP), DCPP (Decadal Climate Prediction Project), ScenarioMIP, HighResMIP (High Resolution MIP), as well as the ocean/sea-ice OMIP simulations.

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“…Examining solutions from an Earth system model, Yin and Goddard (2013) make the argument that there was an overall northward shift in the Gulf Stream position over the last century, which contributed to coastal tide gauge sea level rise observed along the Mid-Atlantic Bight. Using tide gauge records between New York and Newfoundland, Goddard et al (2015) determine that there was a striking interannual sea level rise event that recently occurred on the northeast coast of North America, which they partly ascribe to a contemporaneous downturn in the overturning circulation.…”

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Annual Sea Level Changes on the North American Northeast Coast: Influence of Local Winds and Barotropic Motions

et al. 2016

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Understanding the relationship between coastal sea level and the variable ocean circulation is crucial for interpreting tide gauge records and projecting sea level rise. In this study, annual sea level records (adjusted for the inverted barometer effect) from tide gauges along the North American northeast coast over 1980-2010 are compared to a set of data-assimilating ocean reanalysis products as well as a global barotropic model solution forced with wind stress and barometric pressure. Correspondence between models and data depends strongly on model and location. At sites north of Cape Hatteras, the barotropic model shows as much (if not more) skill than ocean reanalyses, explaining about 50% of the variance in the adjusted annual tide gauge sea level records. Additional numerical experiments show that annual sea level changes along this coast from the barotropic model are driven by local wind stress over the continental shelf and slope. This result is interpreted in the light of a simple dynamic framework, wherein bottom friction balances surface wind stress in the alongshore direction and geostrophy holds in the across-shore direction. Results highlight the importance of barotropic dynamics on coastal sea level changes on interannual and decadal time scales; they also have implications for diagnosing the uncertainties in current ocean reanalyses, using tide gauge records to infer past changes in ocean circulation, and identifying the physical mechanisms responsible for projected future regional sea level rise.

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An extreme event of sea-level rise along the Northeast coast of North America in 2009–2010

Cited by 171 publications

References 43 publications

Spatial Patterns of Sea Level Variability Associated with Natural Internal Climate Modes

Spatial Patterns of Sea Level Variability Associated with Natural Internal Climate Modes

OMIP contribution to CMIP6: experimental and diagnostic protocol for the physical component of the Ocean Model Intercomparison Project

Annual Sea Level Changes on the North American Northeast Coast: Influence of Local Winds and Barotropic Motions

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