An Improved Ion Chromatographic Method for Fast and Sensitive Determination of Hexavalent Chromium and Total Chromium Using Conductivity Detection

Abstract

Chromium exists in its two stable oxidation states including trivalent chromium (Cr (III)) and hexavalent chromium (Cr (VI)) in natural waters. Chromium is an essential micronutrient in the trivalent form; however, the hexavalent form of chromium is considered to be a carcinogen. It is important to determine the chromium content along with speciation. There are a number of methods available for chromium determination. Speciation of chromium is essential to know the exact composition of chromium. Ion exchange chromatography is one of the techniques used to determine Cr (VI). The proposed method can be used to perform the speciation of Cr (III) and Cr (VI). It is a two-step process: first Cr (VI) is determined, followed by total chromium determination by treating the sample with potassium permanganate solution to oxidize the Cr (III) present in the sample to Cr (VI) and determining it as Cr (VI). Conductivity detector is used for the detection. Addition of potassium permanganate solution to the ground water samples for oxidizing the Cr (III) to Cr (VI) is the newly adopted sample preparation technique. The effect of potassium permanganate oxidation is studied in detail in the proposed method. This method can be used for chromium speciation in river water and ground water samples.

Improvement in the Chromium(VI)-Diphenylcarbazide Determination Using Cloud Point Microextraction; Speciation of Chromium at Low Levels in Water Samples

“…Firstly, the action of three oxidants, namely potassium peroxydisulfate [ 33 , 43 ], concentrated hydrogen peroxide [ 44 , 45 , 46 ], diluted potassium permanganate [ 35 , 44 ], and diluted Ce 4+ nitrate [ 3 , 47 ] solutions, was tested separately on relatively concentrated (1 µg L −1 ) Cr 3+ solutions [ 43 , 47 , 48 ] in the presence and absence of DPC. The first of the oxidants mentioned was discarded, as it proved unsuitable for the purpose.…”

Chromium Transport and Fate in Vadose Zone: Effects of Simulated Acid Rain and Colloidal Types

“…The stock solution was diluted for use in the experiments. In the experiments, the diphenylcarbazide method was used to test the Cr (VI) concentration [ 28 , 29 ], the potassium permanganate oxidation method was used to test the total Cr concentration [ 30 ], and the Cr (III) concentration was obtained by subtracting. The absorption wavelengths of total chromium and Cr (VI) are 540 nm and 560 nm, respectively.…”

Colorimetric Sensor for Cr(VI) Ion Detection in Tap Water Using a Combination of AuNPs and AgNPs

“…Heavy-metal contamination has become a topic of focus for both domestic and international concerns regarding drinking water, natural water, tap water, herbs, cosmetic products, etc. Chromium is a heavy metal (HM) extensively utilized in numerous industries, such as dying, tanning, and printing ink, as well as in the production of magnetic tapes, batteries, and the plating industry. − Cr can exist in two oxidation states: trivalent chromium (Cr­(III)) and hexavalent chromium (Cr­(VI)) . Cr­(III) is a vital mineral for both humans and other living organisms, while Cr­(VI) is harmful .…”

“…Chromium is a heavy metal (HM) extensively utilized in numerous industries, such as dying, tanning, and printing ink, as well as in the production of magnetic tapes, batteries, and the plating industry. − Cr can exist in two oxidation states: trivalent chromium (Cr­(III)) and hexavalent chromium (Cr­(VI)) . Cr­(III) is a vital mineral for both humans and other living organisms, while Cr­(VI) is harmful . A small quantity of Cr­(III) is not toxic to cells, whereas the accumulation of a large amount of Cr­(III) can bind to the DNA structure and cause damage to cells .…”

“… 1 − 4 Cr can exist in two oxidation states: trivalent chromium (Cr(III)) and hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)). 5 Cr(III) is a vital mineral for both humans and other living organisms, while Cr(VI) is harmful. 5 A small quantity of Cr(III) is not toxic to cells, whereas the accumulation of a large amount of Cr(III) can bind to the DNA structure and cause damage to cells.…”