An improved method for the routine identification of faecal viruses using ammonium sulphate precipitation

The human enteric coronaviruses

“…Specimens of faeces from groups 1, 2 and 3 were examined within a few days of collection, but the majority of those from outbreaks had been stored at -70°C for up to 13 years. Laboratory methods have been described elsewhere Caul et al, 1978). 0032-5473/79/0200-0135 $02.00 ©1979 The Fellowship of Postgraduate Medicine …”

A rationalised virological electron microscope specimen testing policy. PHLS North West Viral Gastroenteritis and Electron Microscopy Subcommittee

“…Recommended methods for stool preparation are double spin centrifugation 1 or ammonium sulphate precipitation. 2 The first method is used routinely, but the second method is used if the ultracentrifuge fails or is being serviced.…”

Magnetic biosensors for identification of SARS-CoV-2, Influenza, HIV, and Ebola viruses: a review

“…Many researchers have developed various techniques to identify SARS-CoV-2 and other infectious diseases. These techniques are: [1] Electron Microscopy (EM) family, for example, Immune-EM, Cryo-EM, Scanning EM, Electron Tomography, [2] Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISA), [3] Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) family, for example, PCR, Real-Time PCR (RT-PCR), quantitative Reverse Transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR), and Real-time Reverse Transcription-PCR (RRT-PCR), [4] Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS), [5] Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor (SPRS), [6] Fluorescence, [7] Light Scattering, [8] Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM), [9] Micro-Canti-Levers (MCLs), [10] Lateral Flow Immunoassays (Dipsticks or Immune-Chromatographic Tests-ICTs). About some of these methods will be explained in this section.…”

“…Size of virus particles are very small. Therefore, if number of them in samples is low <10 6 −10 8 virus particles ml −1 , it is necessary to concentrate them by centrifugation or ammonium sulphate precipitation [2] However, this rapid method does not need any organismspecific reagents or live or intact biological samples, but, need experienced and dedicated staff to prepare samples. The main reason for creating the image of biological samples using an EM is the electron interaction between the biological structures and the electrons used for detection.…”

“…The magnetic biosensors in comparison to the metallic or polymer biosensors have various advantages such as: [1] low cost (due to removal of expensive optics components), [2] low test samples preparation time (due to the presence of magnetic field) [3,74] high specificity/sensitivity (due to the negligible magnetic background signals-the nonmagnetic biological environment-, the signal-to-noise ratio of samples increased-the magnetic biosensor) [4,[75][76][77] high mass transference, [5] their manipulate-able magnetic domains and magnetic resonance contrast (these properties are suitable in biosensor mechanism), [6] colloid solution stability [7,78] biocompatibility with antibodies and enzymes [8,79] their magnetic separation property which avoids the adverse effects of centrifuges/chromatography on the biological samples (therefore, process time decreases) [9,80] their controllable sizes with high surface to volume ratio.…”