An in silico analysis of the key genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis in Citrus sinensis

Lucheta, Adriano Reis; Silva-Pinhati, Ana Carla O.; Basílio-Palmieri, Ana Carolina; Berger, Irving Joseph; Freitas-Astúa, Juliana; Cristofani, M

doi:10.1590/s1415-47572007000500010

Cited by 23 publications

(20 citation statements)

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“…It has previously been described that the PAL enzyme catalyzes the flux of primary metabolites into the biosynthetic pathway of flavonoids through the phenylpropanoid pathway and hence performs a key role in flavonoid biosynthesis [ 6 , 30 ]. CHS , the first enzyme of the flavonoid pathway, is an acyltransferase catalyzing the condensation of 4-coumaroyl CoA to the first flavonoid, naringenin chalcone, which is reported to be a rate-limiting step in flavonoid biosynthesis in different plants [ 6 , 31 , 32 ]. In walnut, CHS is expressed more in leaves and buds than in liber and bark and is absent from wood and medulla [ 33 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Flavonoid biosynthesis starts with the amino acid L-phenylalanine [ 5 ] and leads to the formation of 4-coumaroyl CoA by the phenylproponoid pathway [ 6 ]. The key enzyme of this pathway is phenylalanine ammonia-lyase ( PAL ) [ 7 ], others being cinnamate 4-hydroxylase ( C4H ) and 4-coumarate: CoA ligase ( 4CL ) [ 6 ]. Chalcone synthase ( CHS ), which catalyzes the first committed step of the flavonoid pathway, is involved in the production of naringenin chalcone by combining one coumaroyl CoA molecule with three malonyl CoA molecules.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rol genes enhance the biosynthesis of antioxidants in Artemisia carvifolia Buch

et al. 2016

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BackgroundThe secondary metabolites of the Artemisia genus are well known for their important therapeutic properties. This genus is one of the valuable sources of flavonoids and other polyphenols, but due to the low contents of these important metabolites, there is a need to either enhance their concentration in the original plant or seek alternative sources for them. The aim of the current study was to detect and enhance the yield of antioxidant compounds of Artemisia carvifolia Buch. HPLC analysis was performed to detect the antioxidants. With the aim of increasing flavonoid content, Rol gene transgenics of A. carvifolia were established. Two genes of the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and chalcone synthase, were studied by real time qPCR. Antioxidant potential was determined by performing different antioxidant assays.ResultsHPLC analysis of wild-type A. carvifolia revealed the presence of flavonoids such as caffeic acid (30 μg/g DW), quercetin (10 μg/g DW), isoquercetin (400 μg/g DW) and rutin (300 μg/g DW). Compared to the untransformed plants, flavonoid levels increased 1.9–6-fold and 1.6–4-fold in rol B and rol C transgenics, respectively. RT qPCR analysis showed a variable expression of the flavonoid biosynthetic genes, including those encoding phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and chalcone synthase, which were found to be relatively more expressed in transformed than wild-type plants, thus correlating with the metabolite concentration. Methanolic extracts of transgenics showed higher antioxidant capacity, reducing power, and protection against free radical-induced DNA damage. Among the transgenic plants, those harboring rol B were slightly more active than the rol C-transformants.ConclusionAs well as demonstrating the effectiveness of rol genes in inducing plant secondary metabolism, this study provides insight into the molecular dynamics of the flavonoid accumulation pattern, which correlated with the expression of biosynthetic genes.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rol genes enhance the biosynthesis of antioxidants in Artemisia carvifolia Buch

et al. 2016

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“…Chalcone synthase (CHS, EC 2.3.1.74) is the enzyme responsible for catalyzing the 1st committed step of the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. CHS is an acyltransferase enzyme that catalyzes the condensation of 4‐coumaroyl CoA to the 1st flavonoid naringenin chalcone, in the presence of 3 molecules of malonyl CoA (Lucheta and others 2007). The flavonoid skeleton, synthesized by CHS, is converted to chalcones, flavanones, flavonols, anthocyanins, and proanthocyanidins (Velasco and others 2007).…”

Section: Chalcone Synthasementioning

confidence: 99%

Phenylpropanoid Metabolism in Ripening Fruits

Singh¹,

Rastogi²,

Dwivedi³

2010

Comp Rev Food Sci Food Safe

180

128

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Ripening of fleshy fruit is a differentiation process involving biochemical and biophysical changes that lead to the accumulation of sugars and subsequent changes in tissue texture. Also affected are phenolic compounds, which confer color, flavor/aroma, and resistance to pathogen invasion and adverse environmental conditions. These phenolic compounds, which are the products of branches of the phenylpropanoid pathway, appear to be closely linked to fruit ripening processes. Three key enzymes of the phenylpropanoid pathway, namely phenylalanine ammonia lyase, Omethyltransferase, and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) have been reported to modulate various end products including lignin and protect plants against adverse conditions. In addition, peroxidase, the enzyme following CAD in the phenylpropanoid pathway, has also been associated with injury, wound repair, and disease resistance. However, the role of these enzymes in fruit ripening is a matter of only recent investigation and information is lacking on the relationships between phenylpropanoid metabolism and fruit ripening processes. Understanding the role of these enzymes in fruit ripening and their manipulation may possibly be valuable for delineating the regulatory network that controls the expression of ripening genes in fruit. This review elucidates the functional characterization of these key phenylpropanoid biosynthetic enzymes/genes during fruit ripening processes.

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“…The apparent number of specific reads for every target gene with each TC was multiplied by 1000 and then classified by the total number reads for different sets of the gene library. These transformed data were used for expression comparison and graph construction (Adriano et al, 2007).…”

Section: Comparative Bioinformatic Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

<i>In silico</i> Analysis of three Committed-Steps Involved in Triterpenoid Biosynthesis from <i>Ganoderma lucidum</i>

Shui¹,

Lan²,

Wei³

2016

American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology

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Ganoderma lucidum is widely considered as one of the most valuable Traditional Chinese Medicines, with various bioactive constituents and pharmaceutical effects. Triterpenoids are important effective ingredients of G. lucidum, which are synthesized mainly through the mevalonate pathway. In this study, we aimed to characterize and analyze three committed-step enzymes of the mevalonate pathway, 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl-Coenzyme A Reductase (HMGR), Farnesyl Diphosphate Synthase (FPPS) and Squalene Synthase (SQS), using various bioinformatic tools and servers. As a results, the molecular structures and physicochemical properties of the proteins and their encoding genes (Glhmgr, Glfpps and Glsqs) were studied. The GlHMGR and GlFPPS proteins are localized in the cytosol and lack any transmembrane topological structures. By contrast, GlSQS enters the secretory pathway via its transit peptide and has three transmembrane helices. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that the three proteins could be classified into three large groups according to their significant functional association and genetic conservation. The secondary structures of the GlHMGR, GlFPPS and GlSQS comprise mainly α-helixes and random coils and the three tertiary structures were modeled successfully, including the identification of key motifs. Additionally, the expression levels of the three genes were compared on the basis of dbEST records. In conclusion, the results demonstrated that HMGR, FPPS and SQS from G. Lucidum have typical molecular structures and functions. In addition, we inferred that GlFPPS might be the perfect target for genetic engineering because of its position in a bottleneck step, as revealed by metabolic flux analysis.

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An in silico analysis of the key genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis in Citrus sinensis

Cited by 23 publications

References 83 publications

Rol genes enhance the biosynthesis of antioxidants in Artemisia carvifolia Buch

Rol genes enhance the biosynthesis of antioxidants in Artemisia carvifolia Buch

Phenylpropanoid Metabolism in Ripening Fruits

<i>In silico</i> Analysis of three Committed-Steps Involved in Triterpenoid Biosynthesis from <i>Ganoderma lucidum</i>

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