An in vitro evaluation of the availability of cetylpyridinium chloride and chlorhexidine in some commercially available mouthrinse products

Sheen, S.; Addy, M.

doi:10.1038/sj.bdj.4809913

Cited by 28 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…If left untreated, the succession of dental plaque development can lead to serious complications, such as caries, gingivitis, and periodontitis. A typical plaque removal regimen might involve brushing with either a manual or an electric toothbrush, followed by the use of a proprietary antimicrobial mouthwash for 30 s. The latter products are commonly based on a dilute alcohol solution containing an antimicrobial compound, such as chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX), although many other formulations are available (28). CHX is also the active ingredient in many commercially available disinfectants and antiseptics.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the Effects of Chlorhexidine on Oral Biofilm Vitality and Structure Based on Viability Profiling and an Indicator of Membrane Integrity

Hope

Wilson

2004

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

121

106

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Multispecies biofilms modeling interproximal plaque were grown on a hydroxyapatite substratum in a constant-depth film fermentor and then immersed in a viewing solution containing fluorescent indicators of membrane integrity. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) revealed the structure and spatial distribution of cell vitality within the biofilms. Chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) was added to the viewing solution to achieve concentrations of 0.05 and 0.2% (wt/vol) before further CLSM time-lapse series were captured. Image analysis showed that exposure to 0.2% CHX caused the biofilm to contract at a rate of 1.176 m min ؊1 along the z axis and also effected changes in total fluorescence measurements and viability profiles through the biofilms after a delay of 3 to 5 min. At a concentration of 0.05% CHX, total fluorescence measurements for the biofilm exhibited barely detectable changes after 5 min. Fluorescence profiles (fluorescence versus time versus depth), however, clearly showed that a time-dependent effect was present, but the clearest indicator of the effect of dilute CHX over time was viability profiling. These findings suggest the possibility of using fluorescent indicators of membrane integrity in conjunction with viability profiling to evaluate the penetration of the bactericidal effects of membrane-active antimicrobial compounds into biofilm.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the Effects of Chlorhexidine on Oral Biofilm Vitality and Structure Based on Viability Profiling and an Indicator of Membrane Integrity

Hope

Wilson

2004

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

121

106

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“…The study on tooth paste and extract containing herbal, [10][11][12][13] amine fluorides, 14 sodium fluoride or stannous fluoride 15 and triclosan 16,17 were failed to prove the superiority of the tested toothpaste as compared to the control. On the other hand, there were also studies indicated the toothpaste containing stannous fluoride, 18 salivary substitutes 19 and chlorhexidine mouth rinses 20 had better prevention in the plaque formation in comparison to the control materials.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of toothpaste containing Kayu Sugi extract on plaque formation

Witjaksono

Awang

Ismail

et al. 2009

Dent. J. (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi)

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“…It should be noted that the alcohol-free chlorhexidine solution tested in their study contained an anti-discoloration system designed to reduce the staining potential. This anti-staining system can interact with chlorhexidine and reduce its efficacy against biofilm formation 17,18 , thus partially explaining the weaker anti-biofilm activity of their tested alcohol-free chlorhexidine solution. Systematic reviews could add important information on this topic, but none are available in the literature to date.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chlorhexidine with or without alcohol against biofilm formation: efficacy, adverse events and taste preference

et al. 2017

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In recent years, different chlorhexidine formulations have been tested, including an alcohol-free alternative, but the effect of this solution on early biofilm formation is not clear. A crossover, randomized, double-blind clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of two chlorhexidine solutions against supra-and subgingival biofilm formation (NCT#02656251). Thirty-five participants were randomized and asked to rinse twice daily with 15 ml of an alcohol-containing 0.12% chlorhexidine solution, an alcohol-free 0.12% chlorhexidine solution, or placebo. The study was conducted in three experimental periods of 4 days each, with a 10-day washout between the periods. All the experimental periods followed the same protocol, except that the solutions were switched. Biofilm distribution was evaluated every 24 hours by the Plaque-Free Zone Index, during 96 hours. Adverse events were self-reported and sensory evaluation was performed using a hedonic scale. Compared to the placebo, the chlorhexidine solutions resulted in a significantly higher number of surfaces free of plaque over 96 hours (p < 0.01), and were able to prevent subgingival biofilm formation (p < 0.01). The alcohol-free chlorhexidine solution was associated with a lower incidence of adverse events, compared with alcohol-containing chlorhexidine (p < 0.05); it also received better sensory evaluation and acceptance by trial participants, compared with the alcohol-containing chlorhexidine (p = 0.007), and had a similar inhibitory effect on the formation of supra-and subgingival biofilms.

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An in vitro evaluation of the availability of cetylpyridinium chloride and chlorhexidine in some commercially available mouthrinse products

Cited by 28 publications

References 25 publications

Analysis of the Effects of Chlorhexidine on Oral Biofilm Vitality and Structure Based on Viability Profiling and an Indicator of Membrane Integrity

Analysis of the Effects of Chlorhexidine on Oral Biofilm Vitality and Structure Based on Viability Profiling and an Indicator of Membrane Integrity

The effect of toothpaste containing Kayu Sugi extract on plaque formation

Chlorhexidine with or without alcohol against biofilm formation: efficacy, adverse events and taste preference

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