An Indium‐Free Anode for Large‐Area Flexible OLEDs: Defect‐Free Transparent Conductive Zinc Tin Oxide

Morales‐Masis, Monica; Dauzou, Fabien; Jeangros, Quentin; Dabirian, Ali; Lifka, H.; Gierth, Rainald; Ruske, M.; Moet, Date; Hessler-Wyser, Aïcha; Ballif, Christophe

doi:10.1002/adfm.201503753

Cited by 99 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…In fact, it was demonstrated that with the same type of metal grids, ZTO devices performed better than the reference ITO OLEDs. [157] As observed in Figure 3c, the combination of the exceptionally low absorptance and a R sh of 10 Ω sq −1 for ZnO:B, or even a lower R sh (1 Ω sq −1 ) provided by the metal grids in the case of the hybrid ZTO + metal grid electrode, gives the highest FOM to these two transparent electrodes. The large thickness of ZnO:B, required to achieve low R sh values, may prevent its application in flexible devices, however, as indicated in Figure 3d.…”

Section: Transparent Electrodes As Front Electrodes In Oledsmentioning

confidence: 72%

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Transparent Electrodes for Efficient Optoelectronics

Morales‐Masis

Wolf

Woods‐Robinson

et al. 2017

Adv Elect Materials

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364

288

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With the development of new generations of optoelectronic devices that combine high performance and novel functionalities (e.g., flexibility/bendability, adaptability, semi or full transparency), several classes of transparent electrodes have been developed in recent years. These range from optimized transparent conductive oxides (TCOs), which are historically the most commonly used transparent electrodes, to new electrodes made from nano‐ and 2D materials (e.g., metal nanowire networks and graphene), and to hybrid electrodes that integrate TCOs or dielectrics with nanowires, metal grids, or ultrathin metal films. Here, the most relevant transparent electrodes developed to date are introduced, their fundamental properties are described, and their materials are classified according to specific application requirements in high efficiency solar cells and flexible organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). This information serves as a guideline for selecting and developing appropriate transparent electrodes according to intended application requirements and functionality.

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Section: Transparent Electrodes As Front Electrodes In Oledsmentioning

confidence: 72%

“…SnO 2 , ITO, and a-ZnSnO are among the TCOs with the highest chemical stabilities [146] and therefore are fully compatible with industry-based processes to fabricate, e.g., OLED devices. [157] …”

Section: Stability Under Thermal and Humid Environmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transparent Electrodes for Efficient Optoelectronics

Morales‐Masis

Wolf

Woods‐Robinson

et al. 2017

Adv Elect Materials

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364

288

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“…14). 118 Aside from this, the usual means of depositing an ITO cathode industrially via sputtering is damaging to the underlying organic layers of the OLED device; 119 this issue has thus far been addressed by deposition of additional protective buffer layers via e.g. 114 While prototype transparent televisions have now been developed and showcased by tech giants such as Samsung, these seem to adopt twin ITO electrodes, 115 wherein the challenge remains to find a cathode material with comparable optical transmittance and electrical resistivity to ITO but a lower work function for more efficient electron injection.…”

Section: Transparent Information Displaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

n-Type doped transparent conducting binary oxides: an overview

et al. 2016

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This article focuses on n-type doped transparent conducting binary oxides -namely, those with the general formula M x O y :D, where M x O y is the host oxide material and D is the dopant element. Such materials are of great industrial importance in modern materials chemistry. In particular, there is a focus on the search for alternatives to indium-based materials, prompted by indium's problematic supply risk as well as a number of functional factors. The important relationship between computational study and experimental observation is explored, and an extensive comparison is made between the electrical properties of a number of the most interesting experimentally-prepared materials. In writing this article, we aim to provide both an accessible tutorial of the physical descriptions of transparent conducting oxides, and an up-to-date overview of the field, with a brief history, some key accomplishments from the past few decades, the current state of the field as well as postulation on some likely future developments.

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“…ZTO has previously been used as an electron transport layer in organic optoelectronic devices 10,11 and in thin-film transistors as the channel material. 12,13 It was shown to be a promising indium-free n-type metal oxide with high electron mobility and transparency, as well as good temperature stability and mechanical integrity.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Zinc tin oxide as high-temperature stable recombination layer for mesoscopic perovskite/silicon monolithic tandem solar cells

Werner

Walter

Rucavado

et al. 2016

Applied Physics Letters

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116

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Perovskite/crystalline silicon tandem solar cells have the potential to reach efficiencies beyond those of silicon single-junction record devices. However, the high-temperature process of 500 °C needed for state-of-the-art mesoscopic perovskite cells has, so far, been limiting their implementation in monolithic tandem devices. Here, we demonstrate the applicability of zinc tin oxide as a recombination layer and show its electrical and optical stability at temperatures up to 500 °C. To prove the concept, we fabricate monolithic tandem cells with mesoscopic top cell with up to 16% efficiency. We then investigate the effect of zinc tin oxide layer thickness variation, showing a strong influence on the optical interference pattern within the tandem device. Finally, we discuss the perspective of mesoscopic perovskite cells for high-efficiency monolithic tandem solar cells.

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An Indium‐Free Anode for Large‐Area Flexible OLEDs: Defect‐Free Transparent Conductive Zinc Tin Oxide

Cited by 99 publications

References 44 publications

Transparent Electrodes for Efficient Optoelectronics

Transparent Electrodes for Efficient Optoelectronics

n-Type doped transparent conducting binary oxides: an overview

Zinc tin oxide as high-temperature stable recombination layer for mesoscopic perovskite/silicon monolithic tandem solar cells

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