An inhibitor of thrombin-stimulated blood platelet aggregation from the salivary glands of the hard tick Amblyomma variegatum (Acari: Ixodidae)

Kazimírová, Mária; Jančinová, Viera; Petríková, M.; Takáč, Peter; Лабуда, М; Nosáľ, R

doi:10.1007/978-94-017-3526-1_7

Cited by 7 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 15 publications

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“…Immunoglobulin‐binding proteins were detected in SGE of unfed female and male A. variegatum ; feeding ticks were not examined (17). Anticoagulant activity was described in SGE of partially fed males and females (18). In studies of saliva‐activated transmission of Thogoto virus, peak activity was shown with SGE from female A. variegatum that had fed for 8 days on rabbits; no activity was detected in SGE of unfed ticks or ticks that had fed for 1 day (19).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential anti‐chemokine activity of Amblyomma variegatum adult ticks during blood‐feeding

Vancova

Slovák

Hajnická

et al. 2007

Parasite Immunology

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Ticks secrete a cocktail of immunomodulatory molecules in their saliva during blood-feeding, including chemokine-binding factors that help control the activity of host immunocompetent cells. Here we demonstrate differential dynamics of anti IL-8 (CXCL8), MCP-1 (CCL2), MIP-1 (CCL3), RANTES (CCL5) and eotaxin (CCL11) activities in salivary gland extracts of adult Amblyomma variegatum. Unfed male and female ticks showed activity against all the chemokines except CCL5; anti-CCL11 activity was particularly high. However, during feeding the dynamics of anti-chemokine activity differed significantly between males and females, and varied between chemokines. In males, anti-chemokine activities increased, whereas in females they declined or increased slightly as feeding progressed. The exception was anti-CCL11 activity, which declined and then increased in both males and females. Comparison of salivary gland equivalents of individual ticks prepared at various feeding intervals revealed some differences that were most pronounced between individual females fed for 8 days. These observations reflect the feeding behaviour of male and female A. variegatum. They support the concept of 'mate guarding', in which males help their mates to engorge by controlling their host's immune response, and the possibility that ticks benefit from feeding together by exploiting molecular individuality.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential anti‐chemokine activity of Amblyomma variegatum adult ticks during blood‐feeding

Vancova

Slovák

Hajnická

et al. 2007

Parasite Immunology

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The role of saliva in tick feeding

et al. 2009

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When attempting to feed on their hosts, ticks face the problem of host hemostasis (the vertebrate mechanisms that prevent blood loss), inflammation (that can produce itching or pain and thus initiate defensive behavior on their hosts) and immunity (by way of both cellular and humoral responses). Against these barriers, ticks evolved a complex and sophisticated pharmacological armamentarium, consisting of bioactive lipids and proteins, to assist blood feeding. Recent progress in transcriptome research has uncovered that hard ticks have hundreds of different proteins expressed in their salivary glands, the majority of which have no known function, and include many novel protein families (e.g., their primary structure is unique to ticks). This review will address the vertebrate mechanisms of these barriers as a guide to identify the possible targets of these large numbers of known salivary proteins with unknown function. We additionally provide a supplemental table that catalogues over 3,500 putative salivary proteins from various tick species, which might assist the scientific community in the process of functional identification of these unique proteins. This supplemental file is accessble from http://exon.niaid.nih.gov/transcriptome/tick_review/Sup-Table-1.xls.gz.

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Tick salivary compounds: their role in modulation of host defences and pathogen transmission

Kazimírová¹,

Štibrániová²

2013

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

274

244

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Ticks require blood meal to complete development and reproduction. Multifunctional tick salivary glands play a pivotal role in tick feeding and transmission of pathogens. Tick salivary molecules injected into the host modulate host defence responses to the benefit of the feeding ticks. To colonize tick organs, tick-borne microorganisms must overcome several barriers, i.e., tick gut membrane, tick immunity, and moulting. Tick-borne pathogens co-evolved with their vectors and hosts and developed molecular adaptations to avoid adverse effects of tick and host defences. Large gaps exist in the knowledge of survival strategies of tick-borne microorganisms and on the molecular mechanisms of tick-host-pathogen interactions. Prior to transmission to a host, the microorganisms penetrate and multiply in tick salivary glands. As soon as the tick is attached to a host, gene expression and production of salivary molecules is upregulated, primarily to facilitate feeding and avoid tick rejection by the host. Pathogens exploit tick salivary molecules for their survival and multiplication in the vector and transmission to and establishment in the hosts. Promotion of pathogen transmission by bioactive molecules in tick saliva was described as saliva-assisted transmission (SAT). SAT candidates comprise compounds with anti-haemostatic, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory functions, but the molecular mechanisms by which they mediate pathogen transmission are largely unknown. To date only a few tick salivary molecules associated with specific pathogen transmission have been identified and their functions partially elucidated. Advanced molecular techniques are applied in studying tick-host-pathogen interactions and provide information on expression of vector and pathogen genes during pathogen acquisition, establishment and transmission. Understanding the molecular events on the tick-host-pathogen interface may lead to development of new strategies to control tick-borne diseases.

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An inhibitor of thrombin-stimulated blood platelet aggregation from the salivary glands of the hard tick Amblyomma variegatum (Acari: Ixodidae)

Cited by 7 publications

References 15 publications

Differential anti‐chemokine activity of Amblyomma variegatum adult ticks during blood‐feeding

Differential anti‐chemokine activity of Amblyomma variegatum adult ticks during blood‐feeding

The role of saliva in tick feeding

Tick salivary compounds: their role in modulation of host defences and pathogen transmission

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