An Insight into Probiotics Bio-Route: Translocation from the Mother’s Gut to the Mammary Gland

Abstract

Human breast milk (HBM) is unique in its composition as it is adapted to fulfil the newborns’ nutritional requirement and helps in improving the health of newborns. Besides various nutrients, the human milk also contains diverse group of microbiotas. The human milk microbiota has a remarkable impact on the growth and development of a newborn. Additionally, the human milk microbiota enhances the colonization of microbes in the gut of infants. Debates about the origin of HBM microbial flora remain premature and contradictory in some cases. Recent data suggest that the maternal gut microbiota has a major impact on microbial composition, areolar skin, and from the infant’s oral cavity. The current review investigates the possible route of microbial transfer from the maternal gut to mammary gland and suggests that it might occur through the entero-mammary pathway. It involves precise selection of probiotic microorganisms from the gut, as the human gut hosts trillions of microorganisms involved in gut homeostasis and other metabolic pathways. Gastrointestinal lymphatic vessels, macrophages, and dendritic cells are shown to play a significant role in the microbial transmission. Furthermore, the role of microbial factors in the development of neonatal immunity and translocation of secretory IgA (SIgA) cells from the intestinal lumen to GALT and finally to mammary glands via entero-mammary link are discussed.

Efficacy of Probiotics-Based Interventions as Therapy for Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Recent Update

“…A healthy human gut is composed of a diverse and complex microbiome, and it varies in concentration by the site. In the colon, the population reaches 10 11 to 10 12 cells per gram of the luminal content ( Bäckhed et al, 2015 , Clarke et al, 2014 , Goodrich et al, 2014 , Selvamani et al, 2021 ). It was estimated that the gut microbiome harbor 100-fold more genes than humans.…”

“…Human gut microbiota develops from a low diversity at birth into an overly complex and matured community, after the introduction of solid foods. The microbiota achieves stability by 9 to 12 months of age ( Bäckhed et al, 2015 , Selvamani et al, 2021 ). The gut microbiota becomes resilient to perturbations including changes in the types of food and exposure to antibiotics ( Lange et al, 2016 , Zimmermann and Curtis, 2019 ).…”

“…The gut microbiota becomes resilient to perturbations including changes in the types of food and exposure to antibiotics ( Lange et al, 2016 , Zimmermann and Curtis, 2019 ). Overall, the predominant gastrointestinal microbial composition belongs to the phyla of Firmicutes , Bacteroidetes , Actinobacteria , Fusobacteria , Proteobacteria , and Verrucomicrobiota ( Bäckhed et al, 2015 , Franzosa et al, 2019 , Selvamani et al, 2021 ). The phyla of Firmicutes comprises the largest genera including Lactobacillus , Bacillus , Clostridium , Enterococcus , and Ruminococcus .…”

“…Meanwhile, Bacteroidetes are predominantly composed of genera such as Bacteroides and Prevotella . In addition, the phyla of Actinobacteria are proportionally lower in abundance and mostly represented by the Bifidobacterium ( Amoroso et al, 2020 , Bäckhed et al, 2015 , Casén et al, 2015 , Chang and Kao, 2019 , Clarke et al, 2014 , Selvamani et al, 2021 , Sokol et al, 2017 ).…”

New Insights in Oral Health and Diets

“…In the paper published by Selvamani et al [4], an insight in probiotics bioroute from the maternal gut to mammary gland is given, suggesting an occurrence through the entero-mammary pathway. It involves many probiotic microorganisms from the gut, and gastrointestinal lymphatic vessels, macrophages, and dendritic cells are shown to play a significant role in this microbial transmission.…”