An integral model for turbulent flame radial lengths under a ceiling

Experimental study on flame merging behaviors from two pool fires along the longitudinal centerline of model tunnel with natural ventilation

“…In general, for a fire with forming ceiling flames, the effective flame length, L ef , is either the sum of the vertical flame height and the radial flame length [26,43] or the radial flame length only [24,44] . Due to the entrainment, the turbulence and the geometrical shape of ceiling flames are all different from those of vertical flames [25,[45][46][47] , L ef in this paper is considered as the total ceiling flame length induced by each fire in this work. Therefore, L ef = L length in Fig.…”

“…Under high HRRs, the flames can impinge on the ceiling and lead to the ceiling flame merge. As a result, the ceiling heat flux will increase dramatically in the flame region [24][25][26][27] , which is a more dangerous condition. The effect of heat feedback on combustion has been studied extensively in open space while only few works conducted in confined spaces.…”

Simple Method to Predict Downward Heat Flux from Flame to Floor

“…Where The correlation proposed in the recent study [7] and the experimental results in earlier studies [3][4][8][9][10] are also plotted. When the ceiling height is 760 mm and 560 mm, the flame radius were shorter than the data of earlier studies.…”

Flame extension lengths beneath a confined ceiling induced by fire in a channel with longitudinal air flow

“…In order to consume the unburnt fuel after impingement, the heat of combustion of the air entrained into the ceiling flow should be proportional to the heat of combustion of the unburnt fuel: (6) In Eq. (6), the Right Hand Side (RHS) of the formula is the portion of the heat released of un-burnt fuel after impingement on the ceiling (assuming the heat is released uniformly along the length of the flame, i.e.…”

“…The data in [4] was further correlated non-dimensionally [5] using source-ceiling height H for normalization rather than source dimension D. Ding and Quintiere [6] also proposed another non-dimensional correlation based on a theoretical analysis to predict the flame extension length beneath the ceiling using source dimension D for normalization:…”