An Integrated Approach of GRA Coupled with Principal Component Analysis for Multi-Optimization of Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) Process

Qazi, Mohsin Iqbal; Akhtar, Rulia; Abas, Muhammad; Khalid, Qazi Salman; Babar, Abdur Rehman; Pruncu, Catalin I.

doi:10.3390/ma13163457

Cited by 42 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…ANOVA suitability was analyzed using a normal distribution of residuals. As shown in Figure 5, the residuals for all responses, i.e., Ra, Fc, TW, and MRR, fall near the fitted line and were therefore normally distributed [43]. Additionally, the Anderson-Darling test for normality further confirms that the data were normality distributed for all responses as the test's p-values were greater than 0.05.…”

Section: Development Of Models For Responses and Analysis Of Variance...mentioning

confidence: 59%

Parametric Study and Optimization of End-Milling Operation of AISI 1522H Steel Using Definitive Screening Design and Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Approach

et al. 2022

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End-milling operation of steel grade material is a challenging task as it is hard-to-cut material. Proper selection of cutting tools, cutting conditions, and cutting process parameters is important to improve productivity, surface quality, and tool life. Therefore, the present study investigated the end-milling operation of AISI 1522H steel grade under minimum-quantity lubrication (MQL) conditions using a novel blend of vegetable oils, namely canola and olive oil. Cutting process parameters considered were spindle speed (s), feed rate (f), depth of cut (d), width of cut (w), and cutting conditions (c), while responses were average surface roughness (Ra), cutting forces (Fc), tool wear (TW), and material removal rate (MRR). Experimental runs were designed based on the definitive screening design (DSD) method. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) results show that feed rate significantly affects all considered responses. Nonlinear prediction models were developed for each response variable, and their validity was also verified. Finally, multi-response optimization was performed using the combinative distance-based assessment (CODAS) method coupled with criteria importance through inter-criteria correlation (CRITIC). The optimized parameters found were: s = 1200 rpm, f = 320 mm/min, d = 0.6 mm, w = 8 mm, and c = 100 mL/h. Further, it was compared with other existing multi-response optimization methods and induced good results.

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Section: Development Of Models For Responses and Analysis Of Variance...mentioning

confidence: 59%

Parametric Study and Optimization of End-Milling Operation of AISI 1522H Steel Using Definitive Screening Design and Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Approach

et al. 2022

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“…Qazi et al integrated a methodology of GRA combined with primary component analysis (PCA) for the optimization of the shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) technique of steel plates SA 516 grade 70. The authors studied the effect of SMAW specifications on the transformation of mechanical characteristics [ 35 ]. They reported that the experiments display acceptable agreement with optimum outcomes.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Grey Relational Analysis and Grey Prediction Model (1, 6) Approach for Analyzing the Electrode Distance and Mechanical Properties of Tandem MIG Welding Distortion

et al. 2023

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The tandem metal inert gas (MIG) process uses two wires that are continuously fed through a special welding torch and disbursed to form a single molten pool. Within the contact tip of the modern approach, the wires are electrically insulated from one another. This study identified the effect of welding electrode spacing on the distortion of AA5052 aluminum plates and different mechanical properties including hardness and thermal cycle using grey relational analysis. Plate distortion was subsequently predicted using the grey prediction model GM (1, 6). This research used a pair of 400 mm × 75 mm × 5 mm of AA5052 plates and electrode distances of 18, 27, and 36 mm. The welding current, voltage, welding speed, and argon flow rate were 130 A, 23 V, 7 mm/s, and 17 L/min, respectively. The temperature was measured using a type-K thermocouple at 10, 20, 30, and 40 mm from the center of the weld bead. The smallest distortion at an electrode distance of 27 mm was 1.4 mm. At an electrode distance of 27 mm, the plate may reach a proper peak temperature where the amount of heat input and dissipation rate are similar to those for electrode distances of 18 mm and 36 mm. The highest relative VHN of 57 was found in the BM, while the lowest, 46, was found in the WM, showing good agreement with their respective grain sizes. Six parameters were designed using grey relational analysis (GRA) and subsequently employed in the grey prediction model GM (1, 6). Process evaluation results show that predictions for welding distortions are consistent with actual results, thus, the GM (1, 6) model can be used as a predictive model for welding distortions of 5052 aluminum plates.

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“…µ 𝑖 (k) is the grey relational coefficient, m is the identification/distinguishing coefficient that is usually set to 0.5 [25]. δ 𝑚𝑖𝑛 and δ 𝑚𝑎𝑥 are the minimum and maximum deviations of each response variable.…”

Section: Gray Relational Coefficient and Gray Relational Gradementioning

confidence: 99%

Pressure-Assisted Development and Characterization of Al-Fe Interface for Bimetallic Composite Castings: An Experimental and Statistical Investigation for a Low-Pressure Regime

Rashid

Saleem

Mufti

et al. 2021

Metals

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A review of the available literature indicates that the development of metal-reinforced castings present intriguing prospects but carry inherent challenges owing to differences in thermal coefficients, chemical affinities, diffusion issues and the varying nature of intermetallic compounds. It is supported that pressure application during solidification may favorably influence the dynamics of the aforementioned issues; nevertheless, not only certain limitations have been cited, but also some pressure and process regimes have not yet been investigated and optimized. This work employs the pressure-assisted approach for bimetallic steel-reinforced aluminum composite castings at a low-pressure regime and thoroughly investigates the role of three process parameters, namely pouring temperature (800–900 °C), pressure (10–20 bars) and holding time (10–20 s), for producing sound interfaces. The Taguchi L9 orthogonal array has been employed as the Design of the Experiment, while dominant factors have been determined via analysis of variance and the grey relational analysis multi-objective optimization technique. Supplementary analysis through optical micrographs, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) has been utilized to quantify interfacial layer thicknesses and to study microstructural and compositional aspects of the interface. Nano-indentation tests under static and dynamic loading have also been performed for mechanical strength characterization. It has been found that uniform interfaces with verifiable diffusion are obtainable, with the pouring temperature being the most influential parameter (percentage contribution 92.84%) in this pressure regime. The experiments performed at optimum conditions of pouring temperature, applied pressure and holding time produced a ~328% thicker interface layer, 19.42% better nano-hardness and a 19.10% improved cooling rate as compared to the minimum input values of the said parameters.

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An Integrated Approach of GRA Coupled with Principal Component Analysis for Multi-Optimization of Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) Process

Cited by 42 publications

References 59 publications

Parametric Study and Optimization of End-Milling Operation of AISI 1522H Steel Using Definitive Screening Design and Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Approach

Parametric Study and Optimization of End-Milling Operation of AISI 1522H Steel Using Definitive Screening Design and Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Approach

Grey Relational Analysis and Grey Prediction Model (1, 6) Approach for Analyzing the Electrode Distance and Mechanical Properties of Tandem MIG Welding Distortion

Pressure-Assisted Development and Characterization of Al-Fe Interface for Bimetallic Composite Castings: An Experimental and Statistical Investigation for a Low-Pressure Regime

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