An integrated emotional and physiological assessment for VR-based active shooter incident experiments

Awada, Mohamad; Zhu, Runhe; Becerik-Gerber, Burçin; Lucas, Gale M.; Southers, Erroll

doi:10.1016/j.aei.2020.101227

Cited by 31 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 64 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…4 ). This result is in accordance with our previous findings 60 , which showed that the virtual environments evoked a large increase of participants’ negative emotions. Given the complex nature of our experiment design, there were also inscrutable valance × time × design ( = 9.319, = 0.059) and valence × time × occupation ( = 3.018, = 0.02) interactions.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 94%

“…Driven by the above-mentioned motivations, we conducted virtual experiments to investigate people’s responses to an indoor active shooter incident. A preliminary experiment was conducted to validate the ecological validity of our virtual environments, using the same buildings and shooting scenario as the present study 60 . Three research questions were examined in the present study: If/how do security countermeasures, which are usually implemented to improve building security, affect human behavior during active shooter incidents?…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The impact of security countermeasures on human behavior during active shooter incidents

Zhu

Lucas

Becerik-Gerber

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Active shooter incidents represent an increasing threat to American society, especially in commercial and educational buildings. In recent years, a wide variety of security countermeasures have been recommended by public and governmental agencies. Many of these countermeasures are aimed to increase building security, yet their impact on human behavior when an active shooter incident occurs remains underexplored. To fill this research gap, we conducted virtual experiments to evaluate the impact of countermeasures on human behavior during active shooter incidents. A total of 162 office workers and middle/high school teachers were recruited to respond to an active shooter incident in virtual office and school buildings with or without the implementation of multiple countermeasures. The experiment results showed countermeasures significantly influenced participants’ response time and decisions (e.g., run, hide, fight). Participants’ responses and perceptions of the active shooter incident were also contingent on their daily roles, as well as building and social contexts. Teachers had more concerns for occupants’ safety than office workers. Moreover, teachers had more positive perceptions of occupants in the school, whereas office workers had more positive perceptions of occupants in the office.

show abstract

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 94%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of security countermeasures on human behavior during active shooter incidents

Zhu

Lucas

Becerik-Gerber

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Based on technical drawings provided by the City of Charlottesville and in-field measurements (1-1), a one-to-one road environment is built in Unity (1-5) with SteamVR platform (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6). The road textures are made from high resolution images of the real-world surfaces to make sure colors and surface details are representative of the real-world environment (Figure 1-2).…”

Section: Road Environment and Alternative Designs In Ivementioning

confidence: 99%

“…One of the main challenges in previous IVE simulation studies was the integration of human sensing techniques into the experiment. In IVE related literature, participants' physiological responses have been applied to evaluate different design alternatives for buildings [26], hospitals [12], and other civil infrastructure systems [3]. However, only a few recent studies have applied bicyclist physiological sensing in IVE simulators [14], and a deeper understanding of bicyclists' psychological and physiological responses in different roadway design and conditions is still needed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Roadway Design Matters: Variation in Bicyclists' Psycho-Physiological Responses in Different Urban Roadway Designs

Guo¹,

Tavakoli²,

Robartes³

et al. 2022

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

As a healthier and more sustainable way of mobility, cycling has been advocated by literature and policy. However, current trends in bicyclist crash fatalities suggest deficiencies in current roadway design in protecting these vulnerable road users. The lack of cycling data is a common challenge for studying bicyclists' safety, behavior, and comfort levels under different design contexts. To understand bicyclists' behavioral and physiological responses in an efficient and safe way, this study uses a bicycle simulator within an immersive virtual environment (IVE). Offthe-shelf sensors are utilized to evaluate bicyclists' cycling performance (speed and lane position) and physiological responses (eye tracking and heart rate (HR)). Participants bike in a simulated virtual environment modeled to scale from a real-world street with a shared bike lane (sharrow) to evaluate how introduction of a bike lane and a protected bike lane with pylons may impact perceptions of safety, as well as behavioral and psycho-physiological responses. Results from 50 participants show that the protected bike lane design received the highest perceived safety rating and exhibited the lowest average cycling speed. Furthermore, both the bike lane and the protected bike lane scenarios show a less dispersed gaze distribution than the as-built sharrow scenario, reflecting a higher gaze focus among bicyclists on the biking task in the bike lane and protected bike lane scenarios, compared to when bicyclists share right of way with vehicles. Additionally, heart rate change point results from the study suggest that creating dedicated zones for bicyclists (bike lanes or protected bike lanes) has the potential to reduce bicyclists' stress levels.

show abstract

“…Over the past decade, driving simulators, virtual reality (VR) technologies, and human sensing technologies have provided new insights on human behavior in different contextual settings, assisting in evaluating different design alternatives for roadways (Subramanian et al 2021;Zou et al 2021), buildings (Francisco et al 2018), hospitals (Chías Navarro et al 2019, and other civil infrastructure systems (Zou et al 2017;Noghabaei and Han 2020;Awada et al 2021). Simulation methods utilizing IVE offer a low-cost, low-risk approach to studying the users' safety, perception, and behavior.…”

Section: Ive Simulation Technology and Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

ORCLSim: A System Architecture for Studying Bicyclist and Pedestrian Physiological Behavior Through Immersive Virtual Environments

Guo,

Angulo,

Robartes

et al. 2021

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Injuries and fatalities for vulnerable road users, especially bicyclists and pedestrians, are on the rise. To better inform design for vulnerable road users, we need to conduct more studies to evaluate how bicyclist and pedestrian behavior and physiological states change in different roadway designs and contextual settings. Previous research highlights the advantages of Immersive Virtual Environment (IVE) in conducting bicyclist and pedestrian studies. These environments do not put participants at risk of getting injured, are low-cost compared to on-road or naturalistic studies and allow researchers to fully control variables of interest. In this paper, we propose a framework ORCLSim, to support human sensing techniques within IVE to evaluate bicyclist and pedestrian physiological and behavioral changes in different contextual settings. To showcase this framework, we present two case studies where we collect and analyze pilot data from five participants' physiological and behavioral responses in an IVE setting, representing real-world roadway segments and traffic conditions. Results from these case studies indicate that physiological data is sensitive to road environment changes and real-time events, especially changes in heart rate and gaze behavior. Additionally, our preliminary data indicates participants may respond differently to various roadway settings (e.g., intersections with or without traffic signal). By analyzing these changes, we can identify how participants' stress levels and cognitive load is impacted by the simulated surrounding environment. The ORCLSim system architecture can be further utilized for future studies in users' behavioral and physiological responses in different virtual reality settings.

show abstract

An integrated emotional and physiological assessment for VR-based active shooter incident experiments

Cited by 31 publications

References 64 publications

The impact of security countermeasures on human behavior during active shooter incidents

The impact of security countermeasures on human behavior during active shooter incidents

Roadway Design Matters: Variation in Bicyclists' Psycho-Physiological Responses in Different Urban Roadway Designs

ORCLSim: A System Architecture for Studying Bicyclist and Pedestrian Physiological Behavior Through Immersive Virtual Environments

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About