An integrated proximal-distal radiocarbon dating approach provides improved age constraints for a key Holocene tephra isochron

Pizer, Charlotte; Howarth, Jamie; Clark, Kate; Wilson, C. J. N.; Tickle, Stephanie E.; Hopkins, Jenni L.; Dahl, Jenny

doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2023.108069

Cited by 8 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…In many cases, core chronology since the last glacial period is underpinned by radiocarbon ages on planktic foraminifera. In the northern parts of New Zealand, tephra horizons provide additional isochrons but these can have issues relating to identification and reworking (e.g., Hopkins et al 2020; Pizer et al 2023). Understanding if ΔR differs between offshore and coastal waters is important for understanding whether our coastal ΔR values should be applied offshore but there are few constraints on ΔR in the offshore realm (Hitt et al 2022).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Implications For Selection Of Radiocarbon Samples From Coast...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Understanding if ΔR differs between offshore and coastal waters is important for understanding whether our coastal ΔR values should be applied offshore but there are few constraints on ΔR in the offshore realm (Hitt et al 2022). It is possible to derive an offshore ΔR value if a high density of radiocarbon ages is collected around the primary tephra deposits of eruptions with ages constrained by onshore terrestrial radiocarbon ages (e.g., Pizer et al 2023), but few studies collect the required density of radiocarbon ages around tephras to obtain an offshore ΔR in this manner.…”

Section: Implications For Selection Of Radiocarbon Samples From Coast...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comprehensive Update of Marine Reservoir Values for New Zealand Coastal Waters to Inform Coastal Hazard Research

Clark,

Turnbull,

Marshall

et al. 2023

Radiocarbon

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Marine radiocarbon (14C) ages are an important geochronology tool for the understanding of past earthquakes and tsunamis that have impacted the coastline of New Zealand. To advance this field of research, we need an improved understanding of the radiocarbon marine reservoir correction for coastal waters of New Zealand. Here we report 170 new ΔR20 (1900–1950) measurements from around New Zealand made on pre-1950 marine shells and mollusks killed by the 1931 Napier earthquake. The influence of feeding method, living depth and environmental preference on ΔR is evaluated and we find no influence from these factors except for samples living at or around the high tide mark on rocky open coastlines, which tend to have anomalously low ΔR values. We examine how ΔR varies spatially around the New Zealand coastline and identify continuous stretches of coastline with statistically similar ΔR values. We recommend subdividing the New Zealand coast into four regions with different marine reservoir corrections: A: south and western South Island, ΔR20 –113 ± 33 yr, B: Cook Strait and western North Island, ΔR20 –171 ± 29 yr, C: northeastern North Island, ΔR20 –143 ± 18 yr, D: eastern North Island and eastern South Island, ΔR20 –70 ± 39 yr.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Implications For Selection Of Radiocarbon Samples From Coast...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Implications For Selection Of Radiocarbon Samples From Coast...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comprehensive Update of Marine Reservoir Values for New Zealand Coastal Waters to Inform Coastal Hazard Research

Clark,

Turnbull,

Marshall

et al. 2023

Radiocarbon

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“…The lower, ca. 20 cm thick tephra was identified as primary fall tephra from the Waimihia eruption based on its composition and geochemistry (Chapter 3; Pizer et al, 2023). We identified the upper, <1 cm thick deposit as primary fall tephra from the Taupō eruption based on its stratigraphic position, unique whitecoloured ash, and its thickness consistent with isopach maps (Hogg et al, 2012;Wilson, 1993).…”

Section: Chronologymentioning

confidence: 93%

“…The "New Zealand Palaeotsunami Database" (2017) contains many more datapoints than are discussed here, but the quality of evidence and age constraints are uncertain, so they are not included. For consistency, event ages from pre-2020 publications have been re-calculated for the most recent calibration curves (Heaton et al, 2020;Hogg et al, 2020) and Waimihia tephra age (Pizer et al, 2023) using age models and preferred ages as reviewed by Clark et al (2019). Marine reservoir correction values (∆R) were recalculated for each section of the margin (Table 2.3) based on averages of the closest datapoints in the online Calib database (Reimer & Reimer, 2001).…”

Section: Evidence For Pre-historical Earthquakesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrating onshore and offshore paleoseismic evidence to reveal past large earthquakes on the weakly coupled central Hikurangi margin, New Zealand

Pizer

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Determining the location and recurrence of seismic slip at subduction zones is essential for constraining the hazard posed by great earthquakes. Although modern geodetic observations have revealed interseismically locked regions of the plate interface, it is unclear to what degree this reflects the potential for future rupture given the broad spectrum of possible slip behaviour and short instrumental record. Developing paleoearthquake records over multiple seismic cycles is therefore a powerful method of understanding spatiotemporal patterns in seismic slip behaviour at subduction margins. Conditionally stable parts of the plate interface adjacent to locked patches are identified as particularly important places to constrain long-term behaviour due to their potential to host multiple styles of interface slip.This thesis explores temporal variation in slip behaviour at subduction zones by investigating the paleoseismic record on the weakly coupled central Hikurangi margin in New Zealand. Previously, interpretation of paleoearthquake evidence in this region has been hindered by poorly constrained chronology, sparse distribution of study sites and incomplete consideration of source faults. Generating new paleoearthquake records was therefore necessary to constrain the timing and extent of large earthquakes, and to decipher whether they could represent rupture of the plate interface. Where precisely-dated tephra isochrons are available, they can provide a useful tool for accurate chronostratigraphic correlation between paleoseismic sites and improved temporal constraints within age-depth models of Holocene paleoearthquake chronologies. The age of the Waimihia tephra isochron was refined to 3574–3478 cal yr BP using integrated age modelling of 42 radiocarbon dates from proximal, distal onshore, and distal offshore locations. Using the refined isochron age alongside 68 radiocarbon dates, a new 5000-year record of four precisely-dated paleoearthquakes was generated at the Pakuratahi Valley near Napier, as a key locality for examining onshore coseismic deformation on the central Hikurangi margin. The evidence of both coseismic subsidence and uplift could have been caused by earthquakes on upper plate faults and/or the plate interface. To better distinguish between these sources and expand the paleoseismic record in space and time, a 7000- year record of seismoturbidites was developed from a suite of submarine sediment cores spanning the central margin. Integrating the onshore and offshore datasets permitted better characterization of evidence for widespread synchronous deformation across the central margin. The new interpretation of paleoseismic correlations suggests rupture of upper plate faults could generate some of the observed patterns of surface deformation, but that seismic slip on the subduction interface is likely for most earthquakes.Temporal agreement between the central Hikurangi paleoearthquakes and subduction earthquakes recorded on the southern, locked section of the margin provides strong evidence that multi-section ruptures, spanning a distance of >300 km, may have occurred. Examining the pattern of coseismic deformation on the central margin alongside current understanding of geophysical properties highlights the weakly coupled region of the interface between slow slip zones as an important location for propagating rupture along-strike from the locked patch. Conditional stability of this region is implied as a mechanism for supporting coseismic slip on the currently creeping part of the central Hikurangi margin. These observations add to the growing literature that suggests weakly coupled parts of the plate interface adjacent to locked patches can host multiple modes of interface slip and should therefore be considered a region of significant seismic hazard, due to their ability to support great (>Mw 8) multi-section subduction earthquakes.

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New evidence of the Green Tuff deposits and post-caldera, recent explosive volcanic activity at Pantelleria volcano (Sicily Channel, Italy) recorded in near-vent marine areas

Romagnoli,

Giglio,

Conte

et al. 2024

Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research

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An integrated proximal-distal radiocarbon dating approach provides improved age constraints for a key Holocene tephra isochron

Cited by 8 publications

References 69 publications

Comprehensive Update of Marine Reservoir Values for New Zealand Coastal Waters to Inform Coastal Hazard Research

Comprehensive Update of Marine Reservoir Values for New Zealand Coastal Waters to Inform Coastal Hazard Research

Integrating onshore and offshore paleoseismic evidence to reveal past large earthquakes on the weakly coupled central Hikurangi margin, New Zealand

New evidence of the Green Tuff deposits and post-caldera, recent explosive volcanic activity at Pantelleria volcano (Sicily Channel, Italy) recorded in near-vent marine areas

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