“…First, linear control methodologies, such as proportionalâintegralâderivative (PID) controller (Richardson et al, 2003) and linear quadratic regulator (LQR) controller (Mallavarapu and Leo, 2001), have been applied. To conquer the highly nonlinear and uncertain dynamics of the IPMC actuators, advanced control approaches, such as H â control (Chen and Tan, 2008), adaptive control (Brufau-Penella et al, 2008), robust quantitative feedback control (Ahn et al, 2010; Moeinkhah et al, 2014), operator-based control (Deng and Wang, 2012), and fuzzy logic control (Goharimanesh et al, 2017), have been applied. Yet, now some sliding mode strategies have also been applied to control IPMC actuators.…”