An Introduction to Physical Geography

Abstract

The authors have striven to adapt this l)0()k to tlie cai'liiT sta.ixes of the high-school cnurse.'J'(j this end the statements are simple, techuieal terms are sparingly used, and when employed they are prom[)tly defined. Thus a}iproaehed, Physieal Geography may well serve to introduce young students to the sjiirit and method of science.The aim of the volume as thus set forth "will ex})laiu the omission of a few of the more dihicult eonce})tions of land physiography w'hicli ajipear in some school texts.The treatment, so far as possihle, is concrete. \Vhcrever practicable, each suhject is opened with a ty}>e case, in the description of which the terminology is called forth and the principles begin to ap})ear.Other examples follow, with a systematic statement of principles, and the princi2)les are further illustra.ted liy a|)plica.tion. This is believed to he in the line of gccd teaching, and is a method to wliich our suljject lends itself with special effectiveness.While the princiiiles of Physical Geography lielong to the earth as a whole, and type cases are cited from all regions, the greater emphasis is put on our continent. A se^^arate (diapter on Xorth America wcmkl pass onr limit of space, Init when the entire text has been read, all the greater features of the continent will have received attention.The average judgment of teachers has been sought in ap25ortioning the space to the several greater depaidments of the subject. Xearly one-half is given to the hinds. The relation of organisms to the earth is introduced wherever appropriate, and the two closing chajiters add furtlier illustrations, and treat the principles in a systematic way. V vi AN INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHYThe order of topics has been adopted after deliberate consideration. The study of the lands is brought in early, in the belief that here is the sure appeal to the students' interest aud previous knowledge. Alike for their familiarity, variety, and djrnaniic interest, the stream and its valley come first. This order is also conveniently adjusted to the school year ; field excursions, associated with the study of lauds, can begin in the autumn, and map study aud other laboratory exercises can be carried on during the winter, as may be desired.The atmosphere will be reached during the cold season, which, however, is as favorable as any other for practical exercises in this subject. The ocean is put late, because it is remote from most schools, and has not been seen by the majority of young students. 'RE Kl'B-IKCT (ii-aiiil Canyon of tlic Colnrado UIvlt Cui'vaturc of the oci'an .Si'i/tiiin showing soil, waste, and iiuil-i'ocl Sd'atilied rocks .... Ujiturncd strata Ideal seel ion of part of the eai'lli's cmst Water and land lieniispheres . The brook is a carrier Uplifted sea-nuDgin . 3Iap expressing relief by shading )lap expressing relief by haclnircs .^lap expressing relief by contours (Irbit of I lie cartli Attitude (.f the e.-irtli Relathin nf the earth to the snu's i Relatiun (.f the earth tn lie" snu's ravs l>e Illumination of the...

Unraveling the dynamics that scale cross‐shore headland relief on rocky coastlines: 1. Model development

“…The diverse plan view shapes of rocky coastlines (broadly defined here as a cliff‐backed coast consisting of rock or well‐consolidated sediments) have long been a topic of scientific and general interest [ Gilbert and Brigham , ; Johnson , ]. A quick look at Google Earth reveals rocky coastline shapes ranging from crenulated to straight, with headlands interspersed with smooth sediment‐filled (and sediment‐free) embayments (Figure ); cross‐shore relief, or amplitude, of rocky coastlines varies from nearly zero to several thousand meters.…”

“…Early observers of rocky coastlines suggested that exposed headlands, if rock strength was constant alongshore, would be continually reduced in cross‐shore amplitude by wave impacts until the coastline reached a straight, featureless equilibrium configuration [ Gilbert and Brigham , ; Johnson , ]. It was also recognized early on that alongshore variations in rock strength, or resistance to incoming wave energy, could allow higher curvature coastline shapes to persist [ Gulliver , ; Johnson , ; Trenhaile , ], and this view is still predominant as many workers have attributed rocky coast morphology over a range of spatial scales, from shore platforms to headlands, to variations in rock strength [ Trenhaile , ; Benumof et al ., ; Trenhaile , ; Dickson et al ., ; Davies et al ., ; Kennedy and Dickson , ; Thornton and Stephenson , ; Naylor and Stephenson , ; Stephenson and Naylor , ].…”

Albert Perry Brigham: A champion of physical geography

“…Particularly should the student of Geology come the better to know the world in which he lives; to love its natural scenery because he understands it; to see meaning in its rocks and fossils and in the materials furnished by the earth's crust to the common arts of man. (Martin, 1930: 82) Martin's assessment of Gilbert and Brigham (1902) was that:…”

“…Brigham also wrote A Text-Book of Geology (1900), Geographic Influences in American History (1903), Student's Laboratory Manual of Physical Geography (1905), From Trail to Railway through the Appalachians (1907) and Commercial Geography (1910). He co-authored An Introduction to Physical Geography with Grove Karl Gilbert (1902) (see Acknowledgements for complete bibliography source).…”