An Investigation of Drug Expectancy as a Function of Capsule Color and Size and Preparation Form

Buckalew, L. W.; Coffield, K. E.

doi:10.1097/00004714-198208000-00003

Cited by 122 publications

(82 citation statements)

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“…According to a generally accepted view, capsules are more effective than tablets [7,8,16,17], and parenteral application is better than oral [18]. In our previous study [19], large oblong shaped tablets were generally preferred to small and medium sized round pills.…”

Section: Expectations Of Drug Effects Based On Colours and Sizes -Thementioning

confidence: 96%

“…In 1955, Lasagna already emphasized the importance of researching the therapeutic effectivity of different pill colours because of the widespread use of coloured placebos [5]. The research had proven the existence of very specific expectations regarding associations (i) among certain drug colours and effects [6][7][8][9][10][11], (ii) among colours and organ systems [12], and (iii) among colour and/or size of the medicines and their effectivity [13]. In a review article, de Craen and colleagues summarized the results of previous studies [14].…”

Section: Expectations Of Drug Effects Based On Colours and Sizes -Thementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Later, some cultural differences were described and discussed [7,8,18], with the implicit assumption of cultural learning as main underlying mechanism. As an alternative, de Craen et al emphasized the possibility and importance of direct psychophysical effects of colours [14].…”

Section: Expectations Of Drug Effects Based On Colours and Sizes -Thementioning

confidence: 99%

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Expectations of drug effects based on colours and sizes — The importance of learning

Köteles¹,

Fodor²,

Cziboly³

et al. 2009

Clinical and Experimental Medical Journal

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It has been well known for at least 60 years that the effect of a pill depends not only on its chemical-pharmacological (i.e. specific) properties. A considerable proportion of the total effect stems from the so-called placebo or non-specific effects, which seem not to be directly connected to the pharmacological activity of a given drug. As many authors pointed out, the "non-specific" term in itself is a bit confusing: if we define specificity as "specific pharmacological activity", all other effects are non-specific by definition. On the other hand, these effects can be very specific in terms of the affected body parts or organs or of their direction (e.g. stimulant/sedative) [1]. In the present paper, the term "non-specific" is used as a synonym of placebo.The most often mentioned sources of placebo effects are doctor-patient relationship, the needs and expectations of the patient, suggestions and information given by the doctor, personality and psychological state of the doctor and of the patient, the context of treatment, and the perceptual properties of medication [2].Early researchers of the placebo effect stressed the importance of using tablet colours that simply attract attention (e.g. pink) and are not associated with poisons (like blue or green) [3]. A considerable proportion of the total effect of a drug can be due to non-specific effects. Important sources of such effects are the expectations evoked by the look-and-feel of the curatives. In this study the origin of these expectations was examined. 109 female university students completed two paper-and-pencil tests about expected connections among lookand-feel of curatives and their effects, and about personal drug experiences. Significant preferences in perceptual characteristics were found in 10 drug effects out of 19. In 5 cases out of the 10 preferred tablets, the preferences were partly explainable by previous experiences of participants. Although direct learning as a source of tablet colour preferences is an obvious assumption, there has not been any research in this area. Possible consequences of changing drug expectations by direct learning are discussed and several health psychological conclusions are drawn.

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Section: Expectations Of Drug Effects Based On Colours and Sizes -Thementioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Expectations Of Drug Effects Based On Colours and Sizes -Thementioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Expectations of drug effects based on colours and sizes — The importance of learning

Köteles¹,

Fodor²,

Cziboly³

et al. 2009

Clinical and Experimental Medical Journal

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show abstract

“…Megjegyezném azonban, hogy kapszulákat az utóbbi időben sokkal ritkábban alkalmaznak, ezért ezek a preferenciák lassan meg is változhatnak. A perceptuális sajátosságok szerepe részben evolúciós háttérnek tulajdonítható, azaz bizonyos preferenciákkal, illetve averziókkal eredendően rendelkezünk, különösen a színek esetében (ami nyilván a természetben előforduló, vagy természetes anyagokból készített fogyasztási termékek sajátosságaiból ered), részben erősek benne a kulturális hatások (amelyek ráadásul időben is változhatnak), továbbá az egyéni tapasztalat és tanulás is Buckalew and Coffield 1982a, 1982b, Moerman, 2002 . A konkrét vizsgálatok között nagyon kevés a hasonlóság, valójában kevés rendszeresen megtervezett munkát találhatunk.…”

Section: A 'Teljes Gyógyszerhatás' Elemei Színek Formák Betegtájékunclassified

A miliőtan története

Csorba¹

2016

Kaleidoscope history

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“…Because most of the information in this area has been obtained from clinical drug trials, much of the research evidence is concerned with the manner in which a drug is administered, in terms of method of administration, colour, size and dosage (Shapira et al, 1970;Evans, 1974a;Huskisson, 1974;Buchalew and Coffield, 1982). It was two decades ago that Lasagna (1979) noted that a drug could have a variable placebo effect depending upon its characteristics.…”

Section: Who Elicits the Placebo Response?mentioning

confidence: 99%