An investigation of Fitts' law in a multiple-display environment

Hutchings, Dugald Ralph

doi:10.1145/2207676.2208736

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Much of this previous work has examined how additional screens affects task performance in a laboratory setting or a digital workspace [24,10,16], or focused on examining the use and usability of dual screen systems [12,2,6].…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

HCI over multiple screens

Brown

Evans

Jay

et al. 2014

CHI '14 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems

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Mobile devices are playing an increasingly important role in leisure activities, including TV viewing. Broadcasters see this as an opportunity to enhance a TV programme through the provision of additional information to the 'second screen', but determining how to optimise this experience is one of the grand challenges currently facing content providers. Addressing this issue requires a detailed understanding of interaction with both the TV and the secondary device, but this new form of HCI, as much about passive consumption as active interaction, is not well represented by typical task-based paradigms. This paper describes experiments that use eye tracking to understand one of the key components of this new area of study -determining which device is currently receiving the user's attention -and discusses the considerable challenge of accurately monitoring attention while maintaining ecological validity.

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Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

HCI over multiple screens

Brown

Evans

Jay

et al. 2014

CHI '14 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems

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show abstract

“…Although previous studies have shown that a physical gap between displays does hinder users' performance on cross-display tasks [9], and thus filling this gap with the projected image should be beneficial to the overall system, no significant difference was found between using or not the projector. We believe that, although the visual feedback itself (provided by the projector) is a beneficial effect to the overall performance of the users, the bimanual nature of the proposed interaction hinders their performance.…”

Section: Number Of Overshots/missclicksmentioning

confidence: 74%

Seamless interaction using a portable projector in perspective corrected multi display environments

Chernicharo

Takashima

Kitamura

2013

Proceedings of the 1st Symposium on Spatial User Interaction

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In this work, we study ways to use a portable projector to extend the workspace in a perspective corrected multi display environment (MDE). This system uses the relative position between the user and displays in order to show the content perpendicularly to the user's point of view in a deformation-free fashion. We introduce the image created by the portable projector as a new, temporary and movable image in the perspective corrected MDE, creating a more flexible workspace to the user. In our study, we combined two ways of using the projector (handheld or head-mounted) with two ways of moving the cursor on the screens (using a mouse or a laser-pointing based strategy), proposing four techniques to be tried by the users. Also, two exploratory evaluation experiments were performed in order to evaluate our system. The first experiment (5 participants) aimed to evaluate how using a movable screen in order to fill the gaps between displays affects the performance of the user in a crossdisplay pointing task; while the second (6 participants) aimed to evaluate how using the projector to extend the workspace impacts the task completion time in an off-screen content recognition task. Our results showed that while no significant improvement of the performance of the users could be seen on the pointing task, the users were significantly faster when recognizing off-screen content. Also, the introduction of the portable projector reduced the overall task load on both tasks.

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“…The authors of that study concluded that participants' scanning of multiple views added to the time duration of the task, but not to its accuracy. Hutchings [21] conducted a Fitts's law experiment [13] in a multi-display environment and found that increasing gap sizes between displays made participants achieve lower throughput values. Findings from that study suggest that Fitts's law underestimates the evaluation of task difficulty for multi-display systems.…”

Section: Multi-screen Environments and User Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating visual attention for multi-screen television: measures, toolkit, and experimental findings

Vatavu

Mancaş

2015

Pers Ubiquit Comput

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New and emerging multi-screen television scenarios and applications need new evaluation procedures, methodologies, and tools to support multi-screen data analysis. In this work, we introduce a set of 12 measures to characterize viewers' visual attention patterns for multiscreen TV. Out of these, eight measures are computed directly from eye-tracking data, while the other four are evaluated using questionnaires. We applied our measures during a controlled experiment involving nine distinct screen layouts with two, three, and four TV screens, for which we report new findings about viewers' distributions of visual attention. For example, we found that viewers need an average discovery time up to 4.5 s to visually fixate four screens, and their subjective perceptions of what they watched and for how long they watched each screen are substantially accurate, i.e., we report Pearson's correlation coefficients up to r = .892 with ground truth measured with eye-tracking equipment. We also analyze and discuss the evolution of our participants' distributions of visual attention over time from the perspective of our new set of measures. For example, we found that people perform significantly more transitions between screens during the first seconds of watching television, after which their level of visual attention converges to a stable value. We complement the findings revealed by our objective eye gaze measurements with subjective data about participants' perceived cognitive work load and comfortability while watching more than one TV screen, and we measure viewers' capacities to understand and recall content delivered simultaneously on multiple screens. To foster new studies and explorations of viewers' visual attention patterns during multi-screen television watching, we release in the community an update for an existing software toolkit (i.e., VATic-TV, the Visual Attention Toolkit for TV, now at version v2) that automatically computes our measures from data delivered by standard eye-tracking equipment. We hope that our new set of measures and the companion software will benefit the community as a first step toward understanding visual attention for emerging multi-screen TV applications and, consequently, will help researchers and practitioners to design new TV applications that will better exploit viewers' visual attention patterns toward new, richer television experiences.

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An investigation of Fitts' law in a multiple-display environment

Cited by 10 publications

References 11 publications

HCI over multiple screens

HCI over multiple screens

Seamless interaction using a portable projector in perspective corrected multi display environments

Evaluating visual attention for multi-screen television: measures, toolkit, and experimental findings

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