An investigation of the C12 + He3 reactions at bombarding energies between 1.8 and 5.4 MeV

Mixed-material layer formation on graphite exposed to deuterium plasmas containing beryllium

“…The spectra can be simulated [11] with a layer approximately 0.6 lm thick (as indicated schematically), of beryllium concentration gradient varying from $75 to 85 at.% at the target surface, to $10-15 at.% at a depth of 0.6 lm. In the simulation, a density of 10 29 m À3 is used for both the layer and underlying graphite and the elastic scattering cross-section for 3 He on C taken from [14]. The feature at E $ 0.9 MeV arises from oxygen in the surface ($10 at.%) and is likely due to exposure of the targets to air before ion-beam analysis.…”

“…Peaks near 3 and 5 MeV (cf. STD spectra) arise from the 12 C( 3 He,p) 11 B reaction [14,15] and are common to each set of spectra. The presence of deuterium leads to a broad peak at $4 MeV in plasma-exposed targets due to the D( 3 He,p)a reaction [16].…”

Nuclear reaction analysis with ion microbeam of cross sections of surface layers deposited in a tokamak divertor

“…4. These numbers were also compared with a simulation using SIMNRA [14] with cross sections from [13,15,16] and were found to agree within 6%. One concern when measuring deuterium with an ion beam analysis method is if deuterium is detrapped and released due to the ion beam.…”

Hydrocarbon film deposition inside cavity samples in remote areas of the JET divertor during the 1999–2001 and 2005–2009 campaigns

“…Deuterium was detected using the D( 3 He,p) 4 He [13] nuclear reaction at 2500, 3500, 4500 and 6000 keV incident energies. For 2005-2009 samples carbon was detected using the 12 C( 3 He,p0) 14 N, 12 C( 3 He,p1) 14 N and 12 C( 3 He,p2) 14 N nuclear reactions [14] at the same energies, beryllium was detected using 9 Be( 3 He,p0) 11 B and 9 Be( 3 He,p1) 11 B reactions [15]. For 1999-2001 samples, carbon and beryllium content was detected using Rutherford backscattering method with 1.5 MeV protons.…”