An Investigation of the Fatty Acid Composition of New and Aged Tung Oil

Modern Oil Paints – Formulations, Organic Additives and Degradation: Some Case Studies

“…Examples include safflower, sunflower, castor and cotton-seed oils (Mayer 1991;Doerner 1984). In contrast to the well known properties of traditional lipidic binding media (Sabin 1911;Wexler 1964;van den Berg et al 1999;Erhardt et al 2005;Rudnik et al 2001), they present different properties and behaviour in drying processes and in the formation of pictorial films (Myers and Long 1968;Korus et al 1984;Schönemann et al 2006).…”

Analytical characterization of lacquer objects excavated from a Chu tomb in China

“…This triunsaturated fatty acid with a conjugated double bond system constitutes up to 86% of tung oil (Schönemann et al, 2006) and can be detected only in not very aged tung oil. During the ageing a-eleostearic acid is transformed into two isomers (isomer 1 and 2), which can be deduced from their mass spectra (M þ at m/z of 292, see Fig.…”

“…Linseed oil was the most studied drying oil due to its use in western oil paintings (Scalarone et al, 2001;Pitthard et al, 2006;Bonaduce et al, 2009) and in the Byzantine art (Valianou et al, 2011). Those two oils can be clearly identified in a fresh state by its fatty acid composition using GC/MS: tung oil contains a large amount of a-eleostearic acid (C18:3c), but no linolenic acid (C18:3); while there is no a-eleostearic acid in linseed oil (Schönemann et al, 2006). However, it is difficult to classify in the aged objects by the GC/MS whether the drying oil is linseed or tung oil due to the oxidization/polymerization of those unsaturated fatty acids (Schönemann et al, 2006).…”

“…Those two oils can be clearly identified in a fresh state by its fatty acid composition using GC/MS: tung oil contains a large amount of a-eleostearic acid (C18:3c), but no linolenic acid (C18:3); while there is no a-eleostearic acid in linseed oil (Schönemann et al, 2006). However, it is difficult to classify in the aged objects by the GC/MS whether the drying oil is linseed or tung oil due to the oxidization/polymerization of those unsaturated fatty acids (Schönemann et al, 2006). The identification of the drying oil used in the lacquer was mainly based on the detection of a series of fatty acids by direct Py-GC/MS analysis (Niimura et al, 1996;Lu et al, 2006;Pitthard et al, 2010).…”

Phosphoproteome and Kinome Analysis: Unique Perspectives on the Same Problem

“…The main saturated acids are palmitic (hexade-canoic acid, 16:0) and stearic (octadecanoic acid, 18:0) acid; mono-unsaturated oleic (9-cis-octadecenoic, 18:1), diunsaturated linoleic (all-cis-9,12-octadecadienoic acid, 18:2) and tri-unsaturated linolenic (all-cis-9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid, 18:3) acid are the main constituents of linseed, walnut and poppy seed oil, the most important drying oils. It should be mentioned that, in contrast to eleostearic acid [27,28], the double bonds of these unsaturated fatty acids are isolated, not conjugated. The drying process, starting with a radicalinduced reaction with oxygen, results in a polymerisation by crosslinking the chains, visible by the change of the liquid oil to a more gel-like texture of the material.…”