Analytical characterization of lacquer objects excavated from a Chu tomb in China

Wei, Shuya; Pintus, Valentina; Pitthard, Václav; Schreiner, Manfred; Song, Guangtao

doi:10.1016/j.jas.2011.05.026

Cited by 47 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Frade et al analyzed two lacquer shields exported to Portugal from Asia in the 16th century; the results showed that the sample in the Soares dos Reis National Museum was coated with Rhus succedanea lacquer sap and that oil was used as the binding medium, and another sample in a private collection showed characteristic pyrolysis products of Melanorrhoea (Gluta) usitata [49]. A lacquered wooden dish from the Ryukyu Kingdom [50], a lacquer cabinet belonging to the Hofmobiliendepot Möbel Museum Wien in Austria [51], and lacquer objects excavated from a Chu tomb in China [52] were analyzed by pyrolysis. The results showed that both lacquer wares are coated with lacquer sap tapped from Rhus vernicifera lacquer trees, and linseed oil was found to be the binding medium for drying.…”

Section: Application Of Py-gc/ms To Ancient Lacquer Waresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry in Lacquer Research: A Review

Lü

Miyakoshi

2014

Polymers

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Examination of thermal degradation of natural and synthetic lacquer films by pyrolysis-gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) is reviewed. Due to the instantaneous heating decomposition, side reactions of internal or intermediate samples hardly occur, and the pyrolysis products can be retrieved without any change. Py-GC/MS has been used to analyze the composition of insoluble polymers and investigate degradation of resin materials. Lacquer film is a cross-linked polymer that is insoluble in any solvent. The aim of this review is to describe the application of Py-GC/MS to the analysis of lacquer, including natural lacquer saps, synthetic lacquer derivatives, and their films. After analyzing the chemical structures of the specific pyrolysis products by mass spectrometry, the lacquer tree species and growing region can be determined. These results have great significance for the protection and restoration of lacquer-coated cultural treasures.

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Section: Application Of Py-gc/ms To Ancient Lacquer Waresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry in Lacquer Research: A Review

Lü

Miyakoshi

2014

Polymers

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“…Liquid lacquer is the sap of these trees and is composed of a mixture of catechol derivatives, water, polysaccharides, glycoproteins and enzymes that catalyse the polymerisation-oxidation mechanism leading to a hard and insoluble matter [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30]. The sap is collected and then stored for several weeks in waterproof baskets where fermentation and decantation will give different qualities.…”

Section: Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The object is coated layer upon layer with the viscous medium to make a smooth surface, polished and engraved with intricate designs. The oldest lacquerware known is 7000 years old ( [25][26][27] and references herein); lacquerwares are still produced today following the traditional fashion or modern art trends. In Japan and Vietnam, the contact between Western and Oriental Cultures gave rise to new lacquerware typologies, with gradual mixing between western and eastern techniques and ingredients.…”

Section: Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Portable IR instrument determines the media and 785 nm Raman instrument identifies only a limited number of the pigments identified at the laboratory with fixed instruments. Previous lacquerware studies dealt with archaeological artifacts and with Japanese urushi, [16][17][18] th century artifacts [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30], mainly using Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) but did not concern the pigment palette identification. FT-IR spectroscopy was also used on powdered samples in KBr pellets or specially prepared films [26][27][28][29].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lacquerware Pigment Identification with Fixed and Mobile Raman Microspectrometers: A Potential Technique to Differentiate Original/Fake Artworks

Colomban

Mancini

2013

Arts

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(FT) Raman spectroscopy is used for the first time to identify pigments used in 19 th & 20 th century Japanese and Vietnamese Lacquerwares. IR spectroscopy is used to assess the Lacquer matrix. Different operative conditions and parameters were experimented with on a limited number of lacquerwares in order to determine the optimal procedure for the identification of pigments/dyes as potential chronological or technological markers. The test was then performed in the collector's rooms with a mobile Raman set-up. Different pigments (vermilion, Prussian Blue, Naples Yellow, Phtalocyanine Blue, anatase, rutile, chalk, carbon black) were identified despite a strong fluorescence and a rapid degradation of both pigments and binder under increasing laser power. Better spectra were obtained on older lacquerwares.

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“…In order to identify oriental lacquers in artistic and archaeological samples, a reliable analytical method is thus needed, which can also be used on small samples containing mixtures of organic and inorganic materials [9,10], as is the case with samples from works of art.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization and identification of urushi using in situ pyrolysis/silylation–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Tamburini

Bonaduce

Colombini

2015

Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis

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a b s t r a c tAnalytical pyrolysis coupled with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry is a very powerful tool to analyze polymers and macromolecules. In this paper this technique was applied to the characterization of the urushi oriental lacquer (qi-lacquer in Chinese) with the aim to set up an alternative analytical method to identify the lacquer.Urushi is mostly rich in alcoholic polar moieties, thus, a derivatization step is required, which is crucial for the detection and MS identification of all the compounds deriving from the thermal degradation. In this work hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) was used for the first time as a derivatizing agent, thus, proving to be a valid alternative to more common methylating agents.Adopting this in situ Py/silylation-GC-MS procedure, we were able to characterize urushi lacquer and identify characteristic pyrolytic profiles of silylated alkylcatechols, silylated alkylphenols, aliphatic hydrocarbons, alkylbenzenes as well as characteristic molecular biomarkers.The method was thus used to analyze six archaeological samples from Sichuan (China) dating back from the 2nd century BC to the 12th century AD, in which the presence of urushi was suspected, and the lacquer was identified in all of them through the identification of all the characteristic pyrolytic profiles and molecular biomarkers.The method set up is also promising to be used for the characterization of the other oriental lacquers, such as laccol and thitsi.

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Analytical characterization of lacquer objects excavated from a Chu tomb in China

Cited by 47 publications

References 25 publications

Application of Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry in Lacquer Research: A Review

Application of Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry in Lacquer Research: A Review

Lacquerware Pigment Identification with Fixed and Mobile Raman Microspectrometers: A Potential Technique to Differentiate Original/Fake Artworks

Characterization and identification of urushi using in situ pyrolysis/silylation–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

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