An investigation of the targeting and allocation of post-flood disaster aid for rehabilitation in Punjab, Pakistan

Ahmad, Muhammad Irshad; Ma, Hua

doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2019.101402

Cited by 25 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…The tremendous impact of shocks and the mixed crop-livestock production system in erratic climatic change events have attracted attention from policy makers and academic researchers regarding how to sustain the livelihoods of these people. Agriculture is the most severely affected sector and the most vulnerable to such disasters and climate change [16,[127][128][129], and Pakistan is listed among the countries that are extremely susceptible to climate change and natural disasters. Our results show BHK is the most vulnerable in terms of higher exposure (0.464) and sensitivity (0.369) due to climate change and natural disasters (Table 4, Figure 4, Appendix C, M 9 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Climate Change and Livelihood Vulnerability in Mixed Crop–Livestock Areas: The Case of Province Punjab, Pakistan

Ahmad

2020

Sustainability

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The mixed crop–livestock system is a primary source of livelihood in developing countries. Erratic climate changes are severely affecting the livelihoods of people who depend upon mixed crop–livestock production. By employing the livelihood vulnerability index (LVI), the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change LVI (LVIIPCC), and the livelihood effect index (LEI), this study evaluated livelihood vulnerability in southern Punjab, Pakistan. The study provides a range of indicators for national and local policy makers to improve resilience in the face of livelihood vulnerability. By incorporating more major components and subcomponents, this study identifies more specific challenges of livelihood vulnerability for future policy directions. It is interesting to find that credit and cash used for crop inputs are critical financial constraints for farmers. From the estimated indicators, this study also provides some specific policy recommendations for the four study districts of Punjab Province. These results are helpful in identifying and highlighting vulnerability determinants and indicators. Initiating and promoting better adaptive capacity and starting resilience projects for households are urgent actions required by donors and governments to reduce the livelihood vulnerability of mixed crop–livestock households in arid and semiarid areas.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Climate Change and Livelihood Vulnerability in Mixed Crop–Livestock Areas: The Case of Province Punjab, Pakistan

Ahmad

2020

Sustainability

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“…During the above period, a total of $2.9 trillion direct economic losses have been reported by disaster-hit countries. Further, concerning disaster loss statistics from 1998 to 2017, the U.S. is the most affected ($945 billion) followed by China, Japan, the European Union, India ( World Trade Organization, 2019 ) and Pakistan ( Ahmad & Afzal, 2020 ; Ahmad & Ma, 2020 ; Hussain et al, 2019 ).…”

Section: Impact Of External Environmental Crisis On Msmesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pakistan has also witnessed several similar crises in past such as climate change, 2005 and 2008 earthquakes, droughts in 1998 and 2004, etc. ( Ahmad & Afzal, 2020 ; Ahmad & Ma, 2020 ; Hussain et al, 2019 ). Moreover, recently in 2015, nearly all main types of natural disasters such as earthquake, drought, flood, heatwave, and cyclone, were faced by Pakistan ( Hussain et al, 2019 ) that severely affected many businesses.…”

Section: Impact Of External Environmental Crisis On Msmesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on micro, small, and medium-sized Enterprises operating in Pakistan

Shafi

Liu

Ren

2020

Research in Globalization

566

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The outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has severely affected the global and Pakistani economy. Major victims of the COVID-19 outbreak are micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs). This article aims to assess the impact of COVID-19 outbreak on these businesses and provide policy recommendations to help MSMEs in reducing business losses and survive through the crisis. We adopted an exploratory methodology with comprehensively reviewing the available literature, including policy documents, research papers, and reports in the relevant field. Further, to add empirical evidence, we collected data from 184 Pakistani MSMEs by administering an online questionnaire. The data were analyzed through descriptive statistics. The results indicate that most of the participating enterprises have been severely affected and they are facing several issues such as financial, supply chain disruption, decrease in demand, reduction in sales and profit, among others. Besides, over 83% of enterprises were neither prepared nor have any plan to handle such a situation. Further, more than two-thirds of participating enterprises reported that they could not survive if the lockdown lasts more than two months. The findings of our study are consistent with previous studies. Based on the results of the research, different policy recommendations were proposed to ease the adverse effects of the outbreak on MSMEs. Although our suggested policy recommendations may not be sufficient to help MSMEs go through the ongoing crisis, these measures will help them weather the storm.

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“…Therefore, we assume that farmers living near urban areas and commercial zones are more likely to exit farming than those living in remote areas (H10). As the study province is flood prone due to heavy rain-fall and overflow from the Indus River, which frequently affects its agricultural areas, we hypothesize that floods and heavy-rainfall (natural disaster events) discourage farmers from continuing farming [62] and engaging in livelihood diversification due to their livelihood's vulnerability [63](H11).…”

Section: Conceptual Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

What Makes Farmers Exit Farming: A Case Study of Sindh Province, Pakistan

Ahmad

Oxley

2020

Sustainability

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In agriculture based economies like Pakistan, farmers often shift from farming to off-farm activities as part of an apparent livelihood transition strategy, despite the fact that most of the workforce depends upon farming. In this paper, we try to uncover insights into how livelihood assets, such as human capital, natural capital, economic capital, and locational characteristics, affect a household’s exit decision from on-farm to off-farm activities as a livelihood transition strategy in rural Pakistan. We analyzed data from 335 farming households from the second largest agricultural producing province in the country, Sindh. Our findings show that more than 19% of households have completely shifted from farming to off-farm activities. Furthermore, we identified that the ‘crop input credit’ is one of the major constraints to farmers converting their previous input-driven small loans into larger loans, where large markups may be imposed if they fail to pay when the harvest is made. The empirical findings from Binary Logistic Regression provide strong evidence for family labor characteristics, particularly for working-age males, working-age females, and working-age children. Surprisingly, the cultivated land size significantly and positively influences farm exit rather than a continuation of farming. Off-farm employment, exogenous shocks, and urbanization also significantly and positively influenced the decision to transition into off-farm work. In contrast, the age of the household head, livestock ownership, and distance to a commercial zone significantly inhibited the decision to exit farming. However, government assistance, including subsidies, strongly encouraged farmers to continue farming. These findings provide new insights into the factors affecting the drivers of both exit and continuation in the farming sector as part of a long-term livelihood transition strategy.

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An investigation of the targeting and allocation of post-flood disaster aid for rehabilitation in Punjab, Pakistan

Cited by 25 publications

References 53 publications

Climate Change and Livelihood Vulnerability in Mixed Crop–Livestock Areas: The Case of Province Punjab, Pakistan

Climate Change and Livelihood Vulnerability in Mixed Crop–Livestock Areas: The Case of Province Punjab, Pakistan

Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on micro, small, and medium-sized Enterprises operating in Pakistan

What Makes Farmers Exit Farming: A Case Study of Sindh Province, Pakistan

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