“…With the continuous exploration of electrochemiluminescent substances, new ECL materials emerge, such as graphene oxide modified with copper oxide and gold nanoparticles ( Sun et al, 2022 ; Agrawal et al, 2020 ), Zr-MOFs having excellent heat resistance ( Ma et al, 2021 ) and biocompatible new carbon-based material g-C 3 N 4 ( Medetalibeyoğlu, 2021 ), their appearance promotes the vigorous development of ECL technology. Graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets (g-C 3 N 4 NSs), as an emerging two-dimensional non-metallic semiconductor material, have been widely used and even sparked a gold rush in optoelectronics, catalysis and optical sensing fields for good electrical conductivity, well biocompatibility, and large specific surface area ( Ong et al, 2016 ; Volokh et al, 2019 ; Zhou et al, 2018 ).…”