An Investigation on the Effects of Ship Sourced Emissions in Izmir Port, Turkey

Abstract

Maritime transportation is a major source of climate change and air pollution. Shipping emissions cause severe impacts on health and environment. These effects of emissions are emerged especially in territorial waters, inland seas, canals, straits, bays, and port regions. In this paper, exhaust gas emissions from ships in Izmir Port, which is one of the main ports in Turkey, are calculated by the ship activity-based methodology. Total emissions from ships in the port is estimated as 1923 ton y−1 for NOx, 1405 ton y−1 for SO2, 82753 ton y−1 for CO2, ton y−1 for HC, and 165 ton y−1 for PM in the year 2007. These emissions are classified regarding operation modes and types of ships. The results are compared with the other studies including amounts of exhaust pollutants generated by ships. According to the findings, it is clear that the ships calling the Izmir Port are important air polluting causes of the Izmir city and its surroundings.

Reducing Sulphur Emissions from Ships

“…However, even if shipping activity is much lower, it can still represent a substantial share of local SOx emissions. For example, the share amounted to 7% for Taranto and 10% for Izmir (Gariazzo et al, 2007;Saraçoglu et al, 2013).…”

Sea Transport Air Pollution

“…electronically controlled injection system) and decrease in the engine air intake temperature using Miller supercharging. 4 Modification of the fuel valve design means replacing the conventional injectors with fuel efficient valves (e.g. slide valves) that optimise the fuel injected into the cylinder.…”

“…The emissions of sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ), particulate matter (PM) and greenhouse gases (GHGs) from global shipping were increased from 585 to 1096 million tons between 1990 and 2007. The CO 2 emissions from international shipping are estimated at 943.5 million tons for the year 2007 and CO 2 emissions from global shipping are about 1 billion tons for the year 2006. International shipping is responsible for 3 % of global CO 2 emissions as in [4].…”

A new ship energy management algorithm to the smart electricity grid system

“…Sea transportation accounts for about 4.5% of the total energy use within the world's transportation sector, and for about 4% sulfur oxide (SO x ), 11% nitrogen oxide (NO x ), and 3% carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) of the total global emissions . Because the ships spend about 55% of their time at the ports, exhaust gas emissions released from the ships to meet the electrical energy demand can more threaten than at the cruising . Therefore, the ports should be addressed some priority issues such as climate protection, air quality, and energy‐efficiency issues.…”

“…[3][4][5] Because the ships spend about 55% of their time at the ports, exhaust gas emissions released from the ships to meet the electrical energy demand can more threaten than at the cruising. 6 Therefore, the ports should be addressed some priority issues such as climate protection, air quality, and energy-efficiency issues. Decision makers in the maritime sector can promote energy management coordinating power generation, energy use, and uptake of alternative energy sources.…”