An iterative procedure for the inversion of two-dimensional ion/photoelectron imaging experiments

Vrakking, Marc J. J.

doi:10.1063/1.1406923

Cited by 238 publications

(167 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…After a delay of up to 1700 fs, an IR probe pulse with the same properties is used to ionize the system further and the fragments are detected using a velocity-map imaging spectrometer. The 3D momentum distributions of different charge states of fragment ions are obtained from the raw data by inverse Abel transformation via an iterative procedure [7]. Although no coincident detection of the partner fragment is made, the charge state of the partner ion can be deduced from the measured kinetic energy release (KER) spectra.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tracking nuclear wave-packet dynamics in molecular oxygen ions with few-cycle infrared laser pulses

Bocharova

Magrakvelidze

et al. 2010

Phys. Rev. A

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We have tracked nuclear wave-packet dynamics in doubly charged states of molecular oxygen using few-cycle infrared laser pulses. Bound and dissociating wave packets were launched and subsequently probed via a pair of 8-fs pulses of 790 nm radiation. Ionic fragments from the dissociating molecules were monitored by velocity-map imaging. Pronounced oscillations in the delay-dependent kinetic energy release spectra were observed. The occurrence of vibrational revivals permits us to identify the potential curves of the O 2 dication which are most relevant to the molecular dynamics. These studies show the accessibility to the dynamics of such higher-charged molecules.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tracking nuclear wave-packet dynamics in molecular oxygen ions with few-cycle infrared laser pulses

Bocharova

Magrakvelidze

et al. 2010

Phys. Rev. A

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“…These images (see for example, Fig. 1) are transformed into threedimensional momentum distributions with full angular reconstruction of the electron emission by applying an Abel transformation 34 . The CD was derived by subtraction of the three-dimensional images of differently handed circular polarizations normalized by the sum of both contributions.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determining the polarization state of an extreme ultraviolet free-electron laser beam using atomic circular dichroism

et al. 2014

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Ultrafast extreme ultraviolet and X-ray free-electron lasers are set to revolutionize many domains such as bio-photonics and materials science, in a manner similar to optical lasers over the past two decades. Although their number will grow steadily over the coming decade, their complete characterization remains an elusive goal. This represents a significant barrier to their wider adoption and hence to the full realization of their potential in modern photon sciences. Although a great deal of progress has been made on temporal characterization and wavefront measurements at ultrahigh extreme ultraviolet and X-ray intensities, only few, if any progress on accurately measuring other key parameters such as the state of polarization has emerged. Here we show that by combining ultra-short extreme ultraviolet free electron laser pulses from FERMI with near-infrared laser pulses, we can accurately measure the polarization state of a free electron laser beam in an elegant, non-invasive and straightforward manner using circular dichroism.

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“…There the lasers cross an atomic beam and the resulting photoelectrons are detected using velocity imaging, which projects the electrons with the aid of electrostatic fields onto a position-sensitive channel-plate detector. The 3D velocity distribution is recovered from the measured projection by applying an iterative procedure [10].…”

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confidence: 99%

Attosecond Angle-Resolved Photoelectron Spectroscopy

et al. 2003

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We report experiments on the characterization of a train of attosecond pulses obtained by highharmonic generation, using mixed-color (XUV IR) atomic two-photon ionization and electron detection on a velocity map imaging detector. We demonstrate that the relative phase of the harmonics is encoded both in the photoelectron yield and the angular distribution as a function of XUV-IR time delay, thus making the technique suitable for the detection of single attosecond pulses. The timing of the attosecond pulse with respect to the field oscillation of the driving laser critically depends on the target gas used to generate the harmonics. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.223902 PACS numbers: 42.65.Ky, 32.80.Rm, 42.65.Re The development of ultrashort laser pulses has led to significant advances in physics, chemistry, and biology. With femtosecond lasers the elementary motions of atoms and molecules can be observed [1], leading, for example, to a better understanding of complex biological systems [2]. Although electron dynamics often plays a crucial role in these systems, experimental studies have thus far been mostly limited to investigating the ''slow'' particles (i.e., atoms) that move under the influence of the intramolecular potentials. In order to investigate electron dynamics in real time, pulse durations have to enter the subfemtosecond (also known as attosecond, 1 as 1 10 ÿ18 s) domain [3]. Important advances have been made in the experimental realization and detection of attosecond laser pulses [4 -6] formed through the generation of high-order harmonics of femtosecond infrared (IR) laser pulses in noble gas atoms. In that process, attosecond time structure results from phase locking of a series of discrete harmonics [5,7,8] or a sufficiently broad segment of the harmonics continuum [6]. In this work, the time structure of such attosecond pulses is characterized from the angular distribution of the photoelectrons they produce in atomic mixed-color two-photon ionization.Many problems still have to be solved before well characterized and controlled attosecond pulses can be used as a routine tool for time-resolved spectroscopy [3,9]. When many-cycle IR pulses are used for the harmonic generation, the attosecond pulses appear in a pulse train, which is incompatible with most pump-probe experiments. Therefore the ultimate goal is to produce a single attosecond pulse. Another problem is the characterization of attosecond pulses. Full characterization can be done only through a nonlinear process, since linear processes do not mix different frequency components A q cos ! q t ' q and thus are insensitive to their relative phase ' q ÿ ' q 0 . Knowledge of the latter is essential and (together with the easily measurable amplitudes A q ) sufficient for determining a complete field reconstruction P A q exp i w q t ' q except for an overall phase. Thus far, mixed-color multiphoton ionization involving one extreme ultraviolet (XUV) and one or more fundamental photons has been the only process delivering enough signal to allow ...

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An iterative procedure for the inversion of two-dimensional ion/photoelectron imaging experiments

Cited by 238 publications

References 9 publications

Tracking nuclear wave-packet dynamics in molecular oxygen ions with few-cycle infrared laser pulses

Tracking nuclear wave-packet dynamics in molecular oxygen ions with few-cycle infrared laser pulses

Determining the polarization state of an extreme ultraviolet free-electron laser beam using atomic circular dichroism

Attosecond Angle-Resolved Photoelectron Spectroscopy

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