An optically driven digital metasurface for programming electromagnetic functions

Zhang, Xin Ge; Jiang, Wei; Jiang, Hao; Wang, Qiang; Tian, Han Wei; Bai, Lin; Luo, Zhangjie; Sun, Shang; Luo, Yu; Qiu, Cheng‐Wei; Cui, Tie Jun

doi:10.1038/s41928-020-0380-5

Cited by 249 publications

(155 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…The projected acoustic fields can be updated and used to assemble microparticles in pre-defined shapes. Currently, the elements of the chip are sequentially addressed, which leads to relatively slow update cycles, but parallel pixel addressing 38 is expected to drastically increase the refresh rate. To meet the requirements of portable biomedical devices, the bubble removal method can be implemented by other means, e.g., forced fluid flow of the electrolyte or on-chip reversal of the electrolysis 39 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial ultrasound modulation by digitally controlling microbubble arrays

Melde

Athanassiadis

et al. 2020

Nat Commun

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Acoustic waves, capable of transmitting through optically opaque objects, have been widely used in biomedical imaging, industrial sensing and particle manipulation. High-fidelity wave front shaping is essential to further improve performance in these applications. An acoustic analog to the successful spatial light modulator (SLM) in optics would be highly desirable. To date there have been no techniques shown that provide effective and dynamic modulation of a sound wave and which also support scale-up to a high number of individually addressable pixels. In the present study, we introduce a dynamic spatial ultrasound modulator (SUM), which dynamically reshapes incident plane waves into complex acoustic images. Its transmission function is set with a digitally generated pattern of microbubbles controlled by a complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) chip, which results in a binary amplitude acoustic hologram. We employ this device to project sequentially changing acoustic images and demonstrate the first dynamic parallel assembly of microparticles using a SUM.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial ultrasound modulation by digitally controlling microbubble arrays

Melde

Athanassiadis

et al. 2020

Nat Commun

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“…Finally, the voltage required to tune a varactor can be generated optically, when a photodiode is illuminated by white light using common LED and focusing optics. [109] In Table 1, we provide a brief summary of the wealth of tuning mechanisms and materials that have been exploited in globally tunable metasurfaces. The same tuning mechanisms can be utilized for building locally tunable metasurfaces, which will be discussed in Section 3.…”

Section: Varactor Diodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[115] Recent optical local-tuning approaches include focusing white light from LED arrays on photodiode arrays embedded on the back side of a metasurface; the photodiodes generate the voltage required to bias lumped varactors that, in turn, modify the unit cell responses, enabling functionalities such as cloaking, illusion, and vortex beam generation. [109,116] In addition, metaatoms that experience certain mechanical movement under applied voltage [108,117,118] have been used for designing metasurfaces with tunable functionalities. Each tuning mechanism is associated with characteristic traits and constraints, dictating its applicability for locally tunable metasurfaces depending on the application requirements and the operation frequency.…”

Section: Local Tunability At the Unit-cell Levelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward Intelligent Metasurfaces: The Progress from Globally Tunable Metasurfaces to Software‐Defined Metasurfaces with an Embedded Network of Controllers

Tsilipakos

Tasolamprou

Pitilakis

et al. 2020

Advanced Optical Materials

190

110

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Metasurfaces, the ultrathin, 2D version of metamaterials, have recently attracted a surge of attention for their capability to manipulate electromagnetic waves. Recent advances in reconfigurable and programmable metasurfaces have greatly extended their scope and reach into practical applications. Such functional sheet materials can have enormous impact on imaging, communication, and sensing applications, serving as artificial skins that shape electromagnetic fields. Motivated by these opportunities, this progress report provides a review of the recent advances in tunable and reconfigurable metasurfaces, highlighting the current challenges and outlining directions for future research. To better trace the historical evolution of tunable metasurfaces, a classification into globally and locally tunable metasurfaces is first provided along with the different physical addressing mechanisms utilized. Subsequently, coding metasurfaces, a particular class of locally tunable metasurfaces in which each unit cell can acquire discrete response states, is surveyed, since it is naturally suited to programmatic control. Finally, a new research direction of software‐defined metasurfaces is described, which attempts to push metasurfaces toward unprecedented levels of functionality by harnessing the opportunities offered by their software interface as well as their inter‐ and intranetwork connectivity and establish them in real‐world applications.

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“…While, most of the reported metasurface holograms are static or only present several different states by above mentioned multiplexing methods. Recently, some programmable metasurfaces are proposed in GHz region [91][92][93]. However, the limitation of current fabrication technology make it difficult to adopt the same strategy in the progress of designing dynamic metasurfaces for visible light.…”

Section: Other Types Of Metasurface Holographymentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent advances in multi-dimensional metasurfaces holographic technologies

2020

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Holography has attracted tremendous interest due to its capability of storing both the amplitude and phase of light field and reproducing vivid three-dimensional scenes. However, the large pixel size, low resolution, small field-of-view (FOV) and limited space-bandwidth of traditional spatial light modulator (SLM) devices restrict the possibility of improving the quality of reconstructed images. With the development of nanofabrication technologies, metasurfaces have shown great potential in manipulating the amplitude, phase, polarization, frequency or simultaneously multiple parameters of output light in ultrashort distance with subwavelength resolution by tailoring the scattering behaviour of consisted nanostructures. Such flexibilities make metasurface a promising candidate for holographic related applications. Here, we review recent progresses in the field of metasurface holography. From the perspective of the fundamental properties of light, we classify the metasurface holography into several categories such as phase-only holography, amplitude-only holography, complex amplitude holography and so on. Then, we introduce the corresponding working principles and design strategies. Meanwhile, some emerging types of metasurface holography such as tunable holography, nonlinear holography, Janus (or directional related) and bilayer metasurfaces holography are also discussed. At last, we make our outlook on metasurface holography and discuss the challenges we may face in the future.

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An optically driven digital metasurface for programming electromagnetic functions

Cited by 249 publications

References 35 publications

Spatial ultrasound modulation by digitally controlling microbubble arrays

Spatial ultrasound modulation by digitally controlling microbubble arrays

Toward Intelligent Metasurfaces: The Progress from Globally Tunable Metasurfaces to Software‐Defined Metasurfaces with an Embedded Network of Controllers

Recent advances in multi-dimensional metasurfaces holographic technologies

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