An overview of 10-year observation of the South China Sea branch of the Pacific to Indian Ocean throughflow at the Karimata Strait

Wei, Zexun; Li, Shujiang; Susanto, R. Dwi; Wang, Yonggang; Fan, Bin; Xu, Tengfei; Sulistiyo, Budi; Adi, Tukul Rameyo; Setiawan, Agus; Kuswardani, Anastasia; Fang, Guohong

doi:10.1007/s13131-019-1410-x

Cited by 27 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Furthermore, during the southeast monsoon, plume‐derived nutrients from the JSW continuously stimulate biological production and thus DIC removal, which should be later accompanied by the addition of DIC via the particulate organic matter degradation near bottom‐flowing subsurface water. During the present survey, however, we observed that in the subsurface water at 50–100 m, DIC, rather than being added, was overall consumed (on average 54 ± 45 μmol kg −1 ) via organic carbon production during bottom water transport from the Indian Ocean to the northern Sunda Strait, likely associated with upwelling (Wei et al, ; Xu et al, ). Note that here we selected two water masses at 40 and 150 m, respectively, to construct a two end‐member mixing scheme and estimate the deviation of DIC from the conservative mixing control.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 53%

“…Such a subsurface pattern is attributable to the southward transport from the SCS to the Java Sea, which brings slightly higher DIC and TAlk waters. Indeed, this reversal in transport was clearly seen during the southeast monsoon but disappeared during the northwest monsoon when only southward transport occurs (Fang et al, ; Susanto et al, ; Wang et al, ; Wei et al, ). Such southward transport is generated by the wind stress persistently toward the southeast, resulting in a downward sea surface slope from the SCS to the Java Sea allowing water to flow from the surface to depth.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…From March to May and from September to November are the transitional periods (Aldrian & Susanto, ). During the northwest monsoon, low salinity, warm water flows from the SCS into the Java Sea via the Karimata Strait (Figures a and a, Fang et al, ; Susanto et al, ; Wang et al, ; Wei et al, ). Water transport through this strait is southward at 2.7 ± 1.1 Sv (1 Sv = 10 6 m 3 s −1 ) during the northwest monsoon (magenta pathway‐Figure b) and 1.2 ± 0.6 Sv during the southeast monsoon/boreal summer (blue pathway‐Figure b) (Fang et al, ; Susanto et al, ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dynamics of the Carbonate System in the Western Indonesian Seas During the Southeast Monsoon

et al. 2020

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We present a unique water column data set of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and total alkalinity (TAlk) from a cruise to the western Indonesian Seas during the southeast monsoon, covering the Karimata Strait, western Java Sea, and Sunda Strait. Salinity-normalized TAlk (NTAlk) in the surface water ranged 2,297-2,348 μmol kg −1 , very close to typical values observed in the tropical ocean. In the Karimata Strait, the Kapuas River plume was observed, featuring low salinity, DIC, and TAlk. In the western Java Sea, where waters were well mixed, we observed relatively homogeneous distributions of salinity, DIC, and TAlk. In the Sunda Strait, waters intruding from the Java Sea occupied the upper layer, and below was the Indian Ocean water with lower values of salinity, DIC, and TAlk. In its deep portion, depth profiles of normalized DIC and NTAlk were very similar to those observed in the Indian Ocean. Physical processes and air-sea gas exchange exerted predominant controls on the carbonate system in the Karimata Strait and western Java Sea. While both processes play large roles in the Sunda Strait, a net DIC removal of 31 ± 23 μmol kg −1 in the surface mixed layer were revealed. The drawdown of DIC is consistent with an overall supersaturation of dissolved oxygen (102-107%), suggesting significant organic carbon production. In the subsurface-intermediate waters of the Sunda Strait mainly influenced by the advection of Indian Ocean water, a net DIC consumption of 54 ± 45 μmol kg −1 was distinct, likely stimulated by the nutrients supplied from the Indian Ocean. Plain Language SummaryResearch on the carbonate system in the tropical regime of the Indonesian Seas is minimal, which hampers our understanding to its essential role in interbasin exchanges of material and energy via the Indonesian throughflow. Here we present a unique data set to examine the dynamics of the carbonate system in the western Indonesian Seas. Based on DIC and TAlk relationships, we show that water mass mixing in the western Indonesian Seas during the southeast monsoon is dominated by zonal wind-mixed waters from the plume of the Kapuas River, the Java Sea and South China Sea mixed water, and the subsurface Indian Ocean water. These processes resulted in homogenous distributions of physical properties and carbonate system parameters. However, biologically mediated DIC consumption occurred in the surface mixed layer of the Sunda Strait, which led to an increase in dissolved oxygen saturation, the saturation state of aragonite (Ω arag ), and pH. Overall, our region was a source of atmospheric CO 2 as previously reported, although the controlling processes may vary with respect to time at both seasonal and interannual timescales.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 53%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dynamics of the Carbonate System in the Western Indonesian Seas During the Southeast Monsoon

et al. 2020

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“…Within the SCSTF, cooler and saltier Pacific water is transformed into a warmer, fresher, more buoyant outflow into the Indonesian Sea, which impacts ITF (Qu et al, , , ; Liu et al, ; Tozuka et al, ; Qu et al, ; Fang et al, ; Liu et al, ; Gordon et al, ). The SCS‐Indonesian Seas Transport/Exchange project and the Transport, Internal Waves and Mixing in the Indonesian throughflow (TIMIT) regions project measured the currents and transport within the Karimata Strait from 2008 to 2013 (Fang et al, ; Susanto et al, , ; Wei et al, ; Wei et al, ). The annual mean volume transport of the Karimata Strait was −0.75 Sv, with −3.6 Sv during the boreal winter months from January to February 2008 (Fang et al, ) and about 1.2 Sv during boreal summer (Susanto et al, ; Wei et al, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The SCS‐Indonesian Seas Transport/Exchange project and the Transport, Internal Waves and Mixing in the Indonesian throughflow (TIMIT) regions project measured the currents and transport within the Karimata Strait from 2008 to 2013 (Fang et al, ; Susanto et al, , ; Wei et al, ; Wei et al, ). The annual mean volume transport of the Karimata Strait was −0.75 Sv, with −3.6 Sv during the boreal winter months from January to February 2008 (Fang et al, ) and about 1.2 Sv during boreal summer (Susanto et al, ; Wei et al, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the Importance of the Mindoro‐Sibutu Pathway to the Upper‐Layer Circulation of the South China Sea and the Indonesian Throughflow

Wei

Wang

et al. 2019

JGR Oceans

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Using a high‐resolution (0.1° × 0.1°) regional ocean model, this study investigates the impact of strait transport variability on the South China Sea (SCS) circulation and Indonesian throughflow, with a focus on the Mindoro‐Sibutu pathway via the Sulu Sea, upon closing various straits within the Maritime Continent. Closing the Sibutu Strait reduces the Luzon Strait throughflow into the SCS by 75%, and the Mindoro–Sibutu deep exchange is reversed, thus flowing into the SCS. No significant change occurs over the shallow Sunda Shelf of the southern SCS, which is primarily driven by local monsoon winds. The impact of closing the Karimata Strait is limited to the Sunda Shelf and the Java Sea. The Sibutu Strait throughflow is fundamental in governing the SCS's low salinity, buoyancy, and upper layer injection into the Makassar Strait, which is the primary component of the Indonesian throughflow, thus inhibiting the transport within the upper 200 m of the throughflow. Closing both the Sibutu and Karimata Straits increases the southward Makassar Strait throughflow transport by ~3 Sv, which is derived entirely from the Mindanao Current.

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Wintertime Guangdong coastal currents successfully captured by cheap GPS drifters

et al. 2020

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An overview of 10-year observation of the South China Sea branch of the Pacific to Indian Ocean throughflow at the Karimata Strait

Cited by 27 publications

References 47 publications

Dynamics of the Carbonate System in the Western Indonesian Seas During the Southeast Monsoon

Dynamics of the Carbonate System in the Western Indonesian Seas During the Southeast Monsoon

Exploring the Importance of the Mindoro‐Sibutu Pathway to the Upper‐Layer Circulation of the South China Sea and the Indonesian Throughflow

Wintertime Guangdong coastal currents successfully captured by cheap GPS drifters

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