An Overview of Additive Manufacturing of Titanium Components by Directed Energy Deposition: Microstructure and Mechanical Properties

Abstract

The directed energy deposition (DED) process can be employed to build net shape components or prototypes starting from powder or wires, through a layer-by-layer process. This process provides an opportunity to fabricate complex shaped and functionally graded parts that can be utilized in different engineering applications. DED uses a laser as a focused heat source to melt the in-situ delivered powder or wire-shaped raw materials. In the past years extensive studies on DED have shown that this process has great potential in order to be used for (i) rapid prototyping of metallic parts, (ii) fabrication of complex and customized parts, (iii) repairing/cladding valuable components which cannot be repaired by other traditional techniques. However, the industrial adoption of this process is still challenging owing to the lack of knowledge on the mechanical performances of the constructed components and also on the trustworthiness/durability of engineering parts produced by DED. This manuscript provides an overview of the additive manufacturing (AM) of titanium alloys and focuses in particular on the mechanical properties and microstructure of components fabricated by DED.

An Overview of Metal Matrix Nanocomposites Reinforced with Graphene Nanoplatelets; Mechanical, Electrical and Thermophysical Properties

“…This is one of the most interesting topics in the field of metal matrix composites. Therefore, this article aims to give its contribution by reviewing the effect of graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) on the final properties of different MMNCs processed by additive manufacturing, casting, and powder metallurgy techniques, always keeping in mind the relationship between the materials, microstructure and final properties [12][13][14][15]. Compared to other metal matrix composites, aluminum and magnesium Magnesium is one of the interesting metal matrices, and is known as the lightest metal with a density of 1.74 g/cm 3 .…”

Application of Directed Energy Deposition-Based Additive Manufacturing in Repair

“…Apart from the application of DED as a coating technique, this technology has intensively been employed as a manufacturing technology [4,42,43]. Over the past decade, DED could attract more attention regarding its capability in the fabrication of parts with complex geometries to near-net-shape, with the high cost and material savings.…”

“…By developing the new generation of manufacturing techniques, it would be possible to reduce the level of GHG emissions [1][2][3]. Following the recent research in the development of production processes, additive manufacturing (AM) technologies have been introduced as new techniques that can support environmental sustainability in manufacturing field [1,4,5]. AM technologies, like advanced manufacturing technologies, are capable of producing high-value, complex, and individually customized components [6][7][8][9][10][11].…”

Mechanical Properties of Tool Steels with High Wear Resistance via Directed Energy Deposition

“…The directed energy deposition (DED) process can be used for hard facing of the die surface and repair of products with a short lifetime to give a superior fine microstructure and strong fusion between the base materials and the deposited layer [1]. The mechanical properties of the deposited layer obtained using the DED technique depend on the materials to be melted [2]. Therefore, for hardfacing and repairing, it is necessary to confirm the required mechanical and metallurgical characteristics.…”