An Overview of Bactrocera (Diptera: Tephritidae) Invasions 
 and Their Speculated Dominancy over Native Fruit Fly Species in Tanzania

Fruit flies of sweet oranges in Nigeria: species diversity, relative abundance and spread in major producing areas.Abstract --Introduction. Fruit fly attack on citrus causes economic yield losses in Nigeria. The high demand for sweet oranges in recent times necessitates the need to develop control strategies that can reduce fruit fly damage and ameliorate yield. This can be achieved by identifying the diversity, abundance and spread of major sweet orange fruit flies. Materials and methods. Surveys were conducted during the citrus fruit maturity periods of 2003 and 2006 in citrus-producing areas of Nigeria. Owners of the sampled orchards were interviewed on their cultural practices that could contribute to fruit fly abundance and spread. The fruit flies were sampled by using two types of trap; namely, the McPhail ® trap with yeast hydrolysate bait and the yellow sticky trap impregnated with ammonium acetate. The traps were hung on the citrus trees at a distance of 1.8 m from the ground. The distance between trees was 25 m and the traps were replicated three times per site. Results and discussion. Fruit flies identified on citrus belonged to the genera Bactrocera, Ceratitis, Dacus and Trirhithrum. While higher fruit fly diversity was observed in Edo, Ogun and Oyo states in the rainforest ecological zone, relatively higher populations of major genera (Bactrocera and Ceratitis) were recorded in Benue and Kaduna states in the Guinea savanna ecological zone. Bactrocera species occurrence increased during the second sampling period. Some farmers' cultural practices were implicated as factors likely to have contributed to fruit fly abundance and spread. Conclusion. Fruit fly species of economic importance to citrus in Nigeria belonged to the genera Ceratitis and Bactrocera species. These genera were observed in the majority of surveyed areas.Nigeria / Citrus / fruit-damaging insects / Tephritidae / Ceratitis / Bactrocera / Dacus umehi / identification / cultivation / traps Les mouches des fruits des agrumes au Nigéria : diversité des espèces, abondance relative et extension dans les principales zones productrices.Résumé --Introduction. L'attaque des agrumes par les mouches des fruits au Nigéria cause des pertes de rendement à répercussions économiques. La forte demande d'oranges douces enregistrée ces derniers temps impose de développer des stratégies de contrôle aptes à réduire les dommages imputables aux mouches des fruits et à améliorer le rendement. Cela peut être réalisé en identifiant la diversité, l'abondance et la diffusion des principales mouches des fruits des oranges douces.

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fruit flies of sweet oranges in Nigeria: species diversity, relative abundance and spread in major producing areas

Umeh¹,

Garcia²,

Meyer³

2008

“…This species has been recorded very recently in Tanzania [3] and Benin [15]. It is an invasive species (probably of Asian origin) that was introduced into Africa and it is spreading very fast throughout the continent [16].…”

Section: Bactrocera Invadens Drew Tsuruta and Whitementioning

confidence: 99%

“…So far, there is no proper management program of fruit flies that has been formulated for smallholder farmers in Tanzania. Moreover, the situation has been worsened with the introduction into the country of the invasive fruit pest species Bactrocera invadens [3]. Bactrocera invadens occurs in large numbers and causes heavy losses in fruits, especially mangoes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biodiversity of fruit flies (Diptera, Tephritidae) in orchards in different agro-ecological zones of the Morogoro region, Tanzania

Mwatawala

Meyer

Makundi

et al. 2006

Biodiversity of fruit flies (Diptera, Tephritidae) in orchards in different agroecological zones of the Morogoro region, Tanzania.Abstract --Introduction. Fruit flies (Diptera, Tephritidae) are among the major constraints in commercial horticulture in many African developing countries. Knowledge of the tephritid spectrum in any given area is a prerequisite for the development of an IPM program to alleviate the pest problem. We studied the fruit fly diversity in four main agro-ecological zones which are significant fruit-producing areas in the Morogoro Region, Tanzania. Materials and methods. Fruit fly diversity was investigated for one year (October 2004 -October 2005. Parapheromones, synthetic food attractant and protein-bait traps were used to trap the flies at the different locations in Morogoro region, Tanzania. One mixed orchard was selected at each of four locations representing the different agro-ecological zones of the region. Results. The recently introduced alien species, Bactrocera invadens, and three indigenous pest species, Ceratitis rosa, Dacus bivittatus and D. punctatifrons, were found at all the four sites, while Bactrocera cucurbitae, Ceratitis cosyra, Dacus chiwira and D. humeralis were found in three out of the four sites. The Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA) Horticulture Unit and Mikese sites had the highest species diversity while the Mkindo and Nyandira sites had the lowest diversity. The between-habitats diversity (Beta diversity) was similar among the SUA, Mkindo and Mikese sites. Only the Nyandira site had a higher dissimilarity in comparison with the other three sites. Discussion. The most abundant species at low-and mid-elevation sites was Bactrocera invadens while, at high elevation, Ceratitis rosa was the dominant species. Protein-baited traps attracted the highest diversity of fruit flies in comparison with the more specific parapheromones. The synthetic food attractant (three-component lure) was less efficient compared with the protein bait. The large dissimilarity at the Nyandira site is probably due to the different types of host fruits found and grown in high altitude areas (mainly temperate fruits). Fruit fly species associated with these types of fruits, e.g., Ceratitis rubivora and Trirhithrum coffeae, were found only at this site.Tanzania / fruit trees / Tephritidae / fruit flies / biodiversity / Ceratitis / Bactrocera / Dacus / surveys / traps / identification Biodiversité des mouches des fruits (Diptera, Tephritidae) en vergers, dans différentes zones agro-écologiques de la région de Morogoro, Tanzanie.Résumé --Introduction. Les mouches des fruits (Diptera, Tephritidae) font partie des principales contraintes de l'horticulture commerciale dans de nombreux pays africains en voie de développement. La connaissance du spectre des tephritides dans un secteur donné est un préalable au développement d'un programme d'IPM permettant d'atténuer le problème parasitaire. Nous avons étudié la diversité des mouches des fruits dans quatre principales zones agro-écologiques qui s...

“…From the general overview obtained, it seems that this new invasive species was still acclimatising in Senegal in 2004, although it is widely distributed in other parts of sub-Saharan Africa. This invasive species was found for the first time in Africa, in Kenya, in 2003 [24], then in Tanzania [25], and it was reported in 2004 in Sudan [26], Senegal [27] and Benin [28], as well as in other West African countries in 2005 [29]. However, both the timing and precise pathway of the invasion by B. invadens into Africa, especially West Africa, are not really known.…”

Section: Fruit Fly Inventorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Preliminary inventory of fruit fly species (Diptera, Tephritidae) in mango orchards in the Niayes region, Senegal, in 2004

Vayssières¹,

Vannière²,

Gueye³

et al. 2011

--Introduction. Knowledge of tephritid diversity in Senegal was poor before 2004, so PIP-COLEACP and CIRAD, in collaboration with Cérès-DPV, carried out, in 2004, trapping for preliminary detection of fruit flies in six orchards in the Niayes zone. Materials and methods. We selected three mixed mango orchards and three homogeneous mango orchards in this zone. In each orchard, we used three attractants: Terpinyl acetate (Ter), Trimedlure (Tri) and Torula (Tor). Traps were serviced weekly. Results. We captured 77 642 fruit flies in more than 4 months including mango season; they were represented by 18 identified fly species, including ten Ceratitis, six Dacus and two Bactrocera species. Two very serious pests were identified with the confirmation of Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) for cucurbit crops and the detection of B. invadens Drew Tsuruta & White for fruit crops. The two most abundant species of Ceratitis were C. cosyra and C. silvestrii. Discussion. We captured more fruit fly species in mixed mango orchards than in homogeneous mango orchards. Bactrocera invadens was also more abundant in mixed orchards, probably because of its polyphagous status. This new invasive species, B. invadens, can have many hosts in mixed mango orchards, enhancing its breeding potential. Conclusion. Effective management to deal with this alien species requires: (i) improvement of basic and applied research; (ii) an effective IPM package; (iii) an area-wide management approach; (iv) a sub-regional effort on the part of researchers, extension services, growers, exporters, farming associations and the different actors in fruit value chains (mainly mango). invadens, peut se développer au niveau de nombreuses autres espèces fruitières autres que le manguier, ce qui lui permet d'accroître ses potentialités de reproduction. Conclusion. Une lutte efficace contre cette espèce invasive requiert (i) l'approfondissement de recherches fondamentales et une recherche appliquée efficace, (ii) un paquet technologique efficace en lutte intégrée, (iii) une lutte menée à l'échelle du bassin de production, (iv) un effort général mené à la fois par les centres nationaux de recherche, les services du développement, les exportateurs, les associations de planteurs et les différents intervenants au niveau des filières fruitières (principalement mangue). Senegal / Mangifera indica