Preliminary inventory of fruit fly species (Diptera, Tephritidae) in mango orchards in the Niayes region, Senegal, in 2004

Abstract

--Introduction. Knowledge of tephritid diversity in Senegal was poor before 2004, so PIP-COLEACP and CIRAD, in collaboration with Cérès-DPV, carried out, in 2004, trapping for preliminary detection of fruit flies in six orchards in the Niayes zone. Materials and methods. We selected three mixed mango orchards and three homogeneous mango orchards in this zone. In each orchard, we used three attractants: Terpinyl acetate (Ter), Trimedlure (Tri) and Torula (Tor). Traps were serviced weekly. Results. We captured 77 642 fruit flies in more than 4 months including mango season; they were represented by 18 identified fly species, including ten Ceratitis, six Dacus and two Bactrocera species. Two very serious pests were identified with the confirmation of Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) for cucurbit crops and the detection of B. invadens Drew Tsuruta & White for fruit crops. The two most abundant species of Ceratitis were C. cosyra and C. silvestrii. Discussion. We captured more fruit fly species in mixed mango orchards than in homogeneous mango orchards. Bactrocera invadens was also more abundant in mixed orchards, probably because of its polyphagous status. This new invasive species, B. invadens, can have many hosts in mixed mango orchards, enhancing its breeding potential. Conclusion. Effective management to deal with this alien species requires: (i) improvement of basic and applied research; (ii) an effective IPM package; (iii) an area-wide management approach; (iv) a sub-regional effort on the part of researchers, extension services, growers, exporters, farming associations and the different actors in fruit value chains (mainly mango). invadens, peut se développer au niveau de nombreuses autres espèces fruitières autres que le manguier, ce qui lui permet d'accroître ses potentialités de reproduction. Conclusion. Une lutte efficace contre cette espèce invasive requiert (i) l'approfondissement de recherches fondamentales et une recherche appliquée efficace, (ii) un paquet technologique efficace en lutte intégrée, (iii) une lutte menée à l'échelle du bassin de production, (iv) un effort général mené à la fois par les centres nationaux de recherche, les services du développement, les exportateurs, les associations de planteurs et les différents intervenants au niveau des filières fruitières (principalement mangue). Senegal / Mangifera indica

Annual population dynamics of mango fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in West Africa: socio-economic aspects, host phenology and implications for management

“…For mid-and late mango cultivars, Bactrocera invadens caused more than 90% of the damage in both Southern Sudan and Northern Sudan zones [4,27]. In the Sahelian zone (in Senegal-Niayes), Bactrocera invadens was considered to be the principal pest for mangoes during the rainy season [3,10,28]. Previous studies J.-F. Vayssières et al indicated that, in the Forest zone [29,30] and in the Guinean Savanna zone (GuineaKindia [31]), the impact of B. invadens was high during the whole mango season.…”

Seasonality and range of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) host plants in orchards in Niayes and the Thiès Plateau (Senegal)

“…A preliminary inventory of fruit flies in mango orchards was made as part of the joint study by the Comité de Liaison Europe-Afrique-Caraïbes-Pacifique (COLEACP), the Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD), the Centre Régional de Recherche en Ecotoxicologie et de Sécurité Environnementale (CERES) and the Direction de la Protection des Végétaux (DPV) that identified 18 species; ten of which were Ceratitis species, six species of Dacus and two of Bactrocera [4]. These last two pest species of great economic importance were identified as Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) on crops of Cucurbitaceae and Bactrocera invadens Drew Tsuruta & White on fruit tree crops, while the main Ceratitis species were Ceratitis cosyra (Walker) and Ceratitis silvestrii Bezzi [4]. Before B. invadens arrived in Africa, most fruit infestations recorded in West Africa were linked to C. cosyra and C. capitata (Wiedemann) [5,6], but this situation changed completely after.…”

Mango-based orchards in Senegal: diversity of design and management patterns

“…[17][18][19][20]. Regarding mango production, only some studies have outlined system characterizations, which focused primarily on the level of intensification of cropping systems [6,9] and the composition of the orchards [10]. Vayssières et al identified four types of systems in West Africa: the "gatherer production system", "production system under improvement", "more intensive production system" and "large industrialized orchards" [9].…”

“…The mango sector in Senegal has high development potential, but an improvement of the mango-based cropping systems is needed to overcome their high production and quality irregularities. Mango-based cropping systems in West African countries are highly varied, from gatherer and pluri-specific orchards to intensive mono-specific orchards [2,6,[8][9][10]. Even though this diversity is generally known, a thorough knowledge of the current systems and their functioning is still lacking for stakeholders' concern with improvement of Senegalese mango production.…”

“…Several local fruit fly species are endemic pests of mango. However, during the last ten years, a new invasive species, Bactrocera invadens [4][5][6], has become one of the most damaging pests of mango [2]. Mango malformation disease, which has recently been reported in southern Senegal [7], could become another serious threat to mango production.…”