An overview of biofuels policies and industrialization in the major biofuel producing countries

Su, Yujie; Zhang, Peidong; Su, Yuqing

doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.04.032

Cited by 185 publications

(75 citation statements)

References 20 publications

(24 reference statements)

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“…Biomass is an organic material derived from plants and animals. In particular, it can come from several organic matters like wood and wood waste, agricultural and forestry crops, agricultural and food industry waste, municipal solid waste, sewage, industrial and animal residues [51][52][53].…”

Section: Definitions and Differences Among Bioenergy Biomass And Biomentioning

confidence: 99%

Italian Biogas Plants: Trend, Subsidies, Cost, Biogas Composition and Engine Emissions

Benato

Macor

2019

Energies

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Italy is one of the leading nations in the biogas sector. Agricultural, landfill, sewage and manure substrates are converted into biogas using anaerobic digestion and, then, into electricity and heat by means of properly arranged internal combustion engines. In this study, after an overview of the European context, the authors present the Italian biogas sector status in terms of development trends and factors that favour/block biogas spread. Despite the fact that biogas is a renewable fuel and a consolidate technology, it is mandatory to examine its real costs, biogas composition and engine combustion products. For this purpose, in the present work, the authors selected six in-operation biogas plants fed by different substrates, investigate plants construction and operation costs and measure both biogas and engine emissions compositions. Biogas status analysis shows a high growth rate until the end of 2012 due to generous Government subsidies while, after supports reduction, a continuous depletion of biogas installations is observed. Alongside the development, established supports overlook also the plant size as well as the cost. In fact, the most widespread plant nameplate electric power is 1 MW while its construction cost ranges between 4.2–4.8 millions of Euros. Real on-site measurements show variable biogas composition while engine emissions are comparable with the natural gas ones.

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Section: Definitions and Differences Among Bioenergy Biomass And Biomentioning

confidence: 99%

Italian Biogas Plants: Trend, Subsidies, Cost, Biogas Composition and Engine Emissions

Benato

Macor

2019

Energies

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“…Among the tested bifunctional catalysts, 1 % Pd/W‐ZrO 2 produced the oil phase products with the lowest oxygen content. The products are suitable as industrial feed for a complete hydrodeoxygenation treatment, that can ultimately produce high quality jet fuels ,. This good performance can be ascribed to both the activity of Pd on the decarboxylation reactions and the function of solid acid, W‐ZrO 2 , on C−C and C−O bonds cracking on the bi‐functional catalyst.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The products are suitable as industrial feed for a complete hydrodeoxygenation treatment, that can ultimately produce high quality jet fuels. [60,61] This good performance can be ascribed to both the activity of Pd on the decarboxylation reactions and the function of solid acid, W-ZrO 2 , on CÀ C and CÀ O bonds cracking on the bi-functional catalyst. On the other hand, even though the acid strength of Zeolite Y is much higher than W-ZrO 2 according to the previous TPD results, the deoxygenation ability of Pd/Zeolite Y seems much lower than Pd/W-ZrO 2 .…”

Section: Catalytic Effectmentioning

confidence: 99%

Upgrading Biocrude of Grindelia Squarrosa to Jet Fuel Precursors by Aqueous Phase Hydrodeoxygenation

Yang¹,

Pereira²,

Neupane³

et al. 2018

Energy Tech

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Bio‐jet fuel is increasingly attracting attention in attempts to reduce the environmental impacts of aviation fuels. Feedstocks like camelina, jatropha and algae have been extensively studied, and exhibit fair performance in producing low‐density hydrocarbon biofuels, mainly from triglyceride lipids. Grindelia squarrosa is a promising feedstock since the primary diterpenoid, grindelic acid with the branched tricyclic structure, is the major component in its biocrude. Herein, a heterogeneous bi‐functional catalyst, palladium with the reductive properties supported on tungstate zirconia with acidic properties and good stability in hydrothermal media, was used for the conversion of Grindelia squarrosa biocrude to potential bio‐jet fuels. Different solid acid catalyst supports and a variety of reaction conditions, such as temperature, catalyst loading, hydrogen pressure, and reaction time, were systematically investigated. At the optimum conditions, the oxygen content deceased from 18.1 % in the Grindelia squarrosa biocrude feedstock to 5.6 % in the final product, and is ready for further industrial treatment. The upgrading method utilized in this work can produce jet fuel precursors for synthesizing high‐density cyclic hydrocarbons.

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“…Among the EU member states, Germany is the country with the highest level of development of bioenergy. Their target for the transportation sector is set at 13.8% renewable energy by 2020 [144], aiming above the guideline of the EU. In comparison, Poland has aligned the 2020 target of renewable energy in transport with the minimum 10% imposed by the EU but aiming for 8.5% renewable fuels and 1.5% contribution from electricity used in transport [145].…”

Section: Geopolitical Substratummentioning

confidence: 99%

A PESTLE Analysis of Biofuels Energy Industry in Europe

et al. 2019

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Biofuels production is expected to be an intrinsic confluence to the renewable energy sector in the coming years under the European regulations for renewable energy. Key standpoints of the biofuels promotions are the reduction of national carbon emissions and rural deployment. Despite jubilant outlook of biofuels for sustainable development, research efforts still tend to link the biofuel industry and regional growth. The aim of this study is to explore and review the biofuels industry through a socio-political, techno-economic, legal and environmental (PESTLE) analysis approach, and discuss the interrelation between technological facets and sustainable deployment.

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An overview of biofuels policies and industrialization in the major biofuel producing countries

Cited by 185 publications

References 20 publications

Italian Biogas Plants: Trend, Subsidies, Cost, Biogas Composition and Engine Emissions

Italian Biogas Plants: Trend, Subsidies, Cost, Biogas Composition and Engine Emissions

Upgrading Biocrude of Grindelia Squarrosa to Jet Fuel Precursors by Aqueous Phase Hydrodeoxygenation

A PESTLE Analysis of Biofuels Energy Industry in Europe

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