An overview of graphene materials: Properties, applications and toxicity on aquatic environments

Graphene-Based Nanomaterials Toxicity in Fish

“…Although in this review, we have restricted our observations on embryos, larvae, and adult fish, several fish cell lines, including the hepatocellular carcinoma cell line PLHC-1 (derived from topminnow fish, Poeciliopsis lucida ) (Lammel and Navas, 2014), cardiac cell lines (SICH) of Catla catla (Xing et al 2016) and bluegill sunfish cells (BF-2) (Srikanth et al 2018) have been used for the evaluation of GPN toxicity (GO and RGO for SICH cell lines and PLHC1 and BF-2 for GO). From the available literature we reviewed we found that the size, shape, surface properties and chemistry, concentration, agglomeration, dose, and method of preparation of GPN, are the major determinants that affect the various biological activities in zebrafish (Chen et al 2015a, b; 2016; Zhu et al, 2015; Ren et al 2016; Lu et al 2017; Zhang et al 2017a; Zhang et al 2017b; De Marchi et al 2018). As mentioned above, presence of NOM, thiol, or other compounds such as polyethylene glycol in the media or coating/labeling of GPN (functionalization) by fluorescence emitters or others, were also able to substantially modulate the toxic effects of GPN (Chen et al 2015b; Mu et al 2015;2016; Clemente et al 2017; Oh et al 2017).…”

“…Because of the release of considerable amounts nanoparticles into the environment almost every day, and for the ERC guidelines, investigations on the effect of GPN on aquatic organisms are critical. Some studies have found that GPN exhibited high toxicity to marine and freshwater algae, damaged organelles, enhanced ROS generation, induced nutrition depletion, and reduced photosynthetic pigment concentration (Hazeem et al 2016; Zhao et al 2017; De Marchi et al, 2018). We have also documented from the published literature included in this review that GPN was able to penetrate the chorion (both zebrafish and Japanese medaka) and reach the embryonic body in fish during development and causing DNA damage.…”

“…Because aggregation or agglomeration of GO can change its size, effective surface area, and other physicochemical properties, it may modulate its toxicity to aquatic organisms including fish. Although several excellent reviews on the toxic effects of GPN are currently available on aquatic organisms (Zhao et al 2014; De Marchi et al 2018), to our knowledge, a comprehensive review focusing on fish is lacking. A significant impediment for writing a comprehensive review on GPN toxicity targeting fish is the lack of extensive literature in this area.…”

“…A significant impediment for writing a comprehensive review on GPN toxicity targeting fish is the lack of extensive literature in this area. In most of the reviews on GPN toxicity that include fish, the effects were briefly summarized either as a separate section or in a comparative approach with other organisms (De Marchi et al 2018). Moreover, the possible mechanisms of interaction of GPN with the biological systems in fish are not well eludicated.…”

Synthesis, Study and Applications of Graphene Materials

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Extended AbstractDifferent graphene materials attract great attention of scientists and technologists all over the world. Such materials are used in electronics, adsorption, catalysis and photocatalysis, sensors, batteries, composite materials, medicine, etc [1][2][3][4][5][6].It is shown herein that the interaction of natural graphite with solutions of (NH4)2S2O8, K2S2O8, H2S2O8 or H2SO5 in sulphuric acid results in the formation of peroxosulfate graphite intercalation compounds that are able to expand at low temperature (20-60 o C). These expanded graphite intercalation compounds (EGICs) are composed of weakly bonded graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs), which can be easily exfoliated via different methods.

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