“…Imparting multi-functionality on bio-inert metals, such as Ti- and Co- based alloys, is generally achieved by surface modification, such as surface structuring or coating with bioactive ceramic and polymer thin films. Bio-inert materials, most commonly based on Ti, Co, and steel, are critical for many load-bearing functions, where their resistance to corrosion provides excellent long-term stability and reliable mechanical strength, with minimal long-term toxicity to the host locally or on systemic level [ 16 , 17 ]. These materials have excellent tensile strength, fracture toughness and fatigue stress [ 18 , 19 ], and over the years, they have found applications in orthopaedics as artificial joints, plates and screws, orthodontics as braces and dental implants, cardiovascular and neurosurgical devices such as components of artificial hearts, staples, stents and wires.…”