Non-synthetic sources for the development of hydroxyapatite

Abstract

The number of patients suffering from different kind of tissue related diseases is increasing rapidly and researchers are earnestly looking for alternative source for producing biomaterials that can meet the demand. Commercially sourced hydroxyapatites are from synthetic origin and of high cost. Hence, the utilization of agricultural wastes as source of hydroxyapatite is of great interest. Therefore, this work considered the importance of biomaterials and the various types of emergent agro-wastes that have been utilized for hydroxyapatite production in recent time and, hence, encourage more research in this area of interest.

Comprehensive In Vitro Testing of Calcium Phosphate-Based Bioceramics with Orthopedic and Dentistry Applications

“…Synthetic ceramics such as HA and β-TCP possess excellent biocompatibility and can interact directly with surrounding tissues through the formation of chemical and biochemical bonds [6,7]. Although many different type of materials were investigated and engineered (e.g., metallic, polymeric, or ceramic; natural or synthetic; bioinert, bioresorbable, or bioactive) to fabricate bone regeneration scaffolds or implant coatings, bioactive ceramics prominently arose as materials of choice due to their remarkable ability to create a strong bond with hard tissues, as well as prevent their encapsulation in fibrillary connective tissue, in contrast to renown bioceramics such as alumina or yttria, polymers, and metals [8,9,10,11]. Their bioactivity could also enhance gene activation for osteogenesis and angiogenesis.…”

“…However, pure HA has limited usage in biomedicine because of its fragility and overall weak mechanical properties, unsuitable for developing load-bearing biomedical applications [13]. Nevertheless, the designed doping of CaP bioceramics with various cations (e.g., Na + , Mg 2+ , Sr 2+ , and Zn 2+ ) or anions (e.g., (CO 3 ) 2− , (SiO 4 ) 4− , F − , and Cl − ) have now the potential to transform them into major candidates for the future development of “smart materials”, due to their capability to combine biocompatibility and mechanical performance with specific effects such as antimicrobial activity, angiogenesis induction, and drug delivery capacity [8,9,10]. When designed as resorbable biomaterials with various resorption kinetics (spanning from days to months), their ion dissolution products (Ca 2+ , (PO 4 ) 3− , Na + , Si4 + , Mg 2+ , and Sr 2+ ions) can usually be processed via normal metabolism [14] or can even be exploited to exert desired therapeutic effects, such as the promotion of angiogenesis or osteogenesis properties, and antimicrobial activity [11,15].…”

Cationic Substitutions in Hydroxyapatite: Current Status of the Derived Biofunctional Effects and Their In Vitro Interrogation Methods

“…The quality of life for millions of people has been drastically improved by using hydroxyapatite (HA) and bioactive glasses (BGs) for bone repair and tissue regeneration [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19]. In particular, synthetic stoichiometric hydroxyapatite (having the Ca 10 (PO 4 ) 6 (OH) 2 stoichiometry and theoretical Ca/P molar ratio of 1.67), calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite, or oxyapatite have been widely used as prominent bioactive materials in healthcare due to their excellent biocompatibility, non-toxicity and osteoconductive properties [1,2,20,21,22]. This was an obvious choice, since these materials are inspired by nature, HA being the major mineral component of hard conjunctive tissues (e.g., bone and teeth).…”

In Vivo Assessment of Bone Enhancement in the Case of 3D-Printed Implants Functionalized with Lithium-Doped Biological-Derived Hydroxyapatite Coatings: A Preliminary Study on Rabbits

“…In this respect, the surface functionalization of implants with highly performant bioactive materials is currently of interest and necessary both for the prevention of failure and the prolongation of the bone implants' life. Thus, good examples are calcium phosphates (CaPs) and bioglasses [1][2][3][4], which are the most used bioceramic materials in medicine, in particular in orthopedics and dentistry [5,6], as coatings for various metallic implants [7]. From the first class, a special focus was put on hydroxyapatite (HA), Ca 10 (PO 4 ) 6 (OH) 2 [3,4,7].…”