An Overview of Microsponge as a Novel Tool in Drug Delivery

Abstract

Micro sponges are polymeric delivery systems consisting of porous microspheres having a size range from 5 to 300 micron. Microsponge Delivery System (MDS) is a unique technology for controlled drug delivery. The present review introduces Microsponge technology along with its synthesis, characterization, parameters and release mechanism. Wide ranges of applications are also preferred to develop drug or cosmetic products with enhanced safety and efficacy. MDS can provide increased efficacy for topically active agents with improved safety, extended product stability and improved properties in anefficient and novel manner.

Caesarean Section in Low-, Middle- and High-Income Countries

“…Caesarean delivery commonly referred to as caesarean section and occasionally caesarean birth is defined as the delivery of a foetus(es) through surgical incisions made through the anterior abdominal wall (technically referred to as laparotomy) and the anterior uterine wall (technically denoted to as hysterotomy) [1,2]. This definition considers only the intrauterine location of the foetus and not whether the foetus is delivered alive or dead [3].…”

“…This definition considers only the intrauterine location of the foetus and not whether the foetus is delivered alive or dead [3]. Since the words "caesarean" and "section" are both derived from verbs that mean to cut, some authors [1] urge that the phrase "caesarean section" is a tautology. Consequently, the terms "caesarean delivery" and "caesarean birth" are preferable.…”

“…In the case of prior caesarean delivery, two prior caesarean deliveries are an absolute indication. However, women with one prior caesarean delivery can be offered trial of labour if there is no additional risk to vaginal delivery [1,3,8,9].…”

A Review of Caesarean Delivery at the Kogi State Specialist Hospital, Lokoja, Nigeria

“…Caesarean delivery (CD) also known as Caesarean section is a surgical procedure by which one or more babies are delivered through an incision in the mother's abdomen, often performed because vaginal delivery would put the baby and/or mother at risk [1]. The World Health Organization recommends a Caesarean delivery rate of 10% -15% [1], however, in recent reports there have been concerns about the rising rates of caesarean delivery from as low as 2% in Africa to as high as 50% -60% in Dominican Republic and Latin America [2] [3]. Caesarean delivery rate is on the increase due to varying reasons ranging from the patient, institutional, care provider and societal factors [1].…”