“…Ectoparasites act as vectors for many notable viral pathogens of vertebrates, including Zika virus, dengue virus, and tick-borne encephalitis virus (Boyer, Calvez, Chouin-Carneiro, Diallo, & Failloux, 2018; Lindquist & Vapalahti, 2008; Rodhain, 2015). Transmission can occur “biologically”, with active virus replication in the ectoparasite, or “mechanically” without ectoparasite replication (Chihota, Rennie, Kitching, & Mellor, 2001; Kuno & Chang, 2005; McColl et al, 2002; Rodhain, 2015).…”