An Overview of Nanocarrier-Based Adjuvants for Vaccine Delivery

Petkar, Kailash C.; Patil, Suyash M.; Chavhan, Sandip; Kaneko, Kan; Sawant, Krutika; Kunda, Nitesh K.; Saleem, Imran

doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics13040455

Cited by 76 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 169 publications

(135 reference statements)

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“…Virosomes were licensed for use in the flu vaccine, Inflexal, and the Hepatitis A vaccine, Epaxal, which have been administered more than 50 million times [ 20 ]. Virosomes function by leveraging the infective outer shell of the virus (devoid of any genetic material) to deliver antigen and cause inflammation through innate immune recognition that enhances both humoral and cellular immunity [ 21 , 22 ]. Viral vectored vaccines have been licensed for use in COVID-19 vaccines produced by Oxford/AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson, which use adenoviruses Ad5 and Ad26, respectively, to deliver mRNA coding for the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein antigen [ 22 , 23 ].…”

Section: Adjuvants In Clinically Approved Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Virosomes function by leveraging the infective outer shell of the virus (devoid of any genetic material) to deliver antigen and cause inflammation through innate immune recognition that enhances both humoral and cellular immunity [ 21 , 22 ]. Viral vectored vaccines have been licensed for use in COVID-19 vaccines produced by Oxford/AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson, which use adenoviruses Ad5 and Ad26, respectively, to deliver mRNA coding for the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein antigen [ 22 , 23 ]. These vaccines differ from other COVID-19 mRNA vaccines from Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna, which use non-adjuvanted lipid nanoparticles to deliver mRNA to cells [ 24 ].…”

Section: Adjuvants In Clinically Approved Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are many new adjuvants currently being investigated in both pre-clinical and clinical trials [ 7 , 20 , 22 , 53 , 54 ]. Many of these new technologies have novel targets in the innate immune system with the goal of boosting adaptive immunity and addressing the aforementioned issues with current adjuvants.…”

Section: Adjuvants With New Targetsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Novel Vaccine Adjuvants as Key Tools for Improving Pandemic Preparedness

Pogostin

McHugh

2021

Bioengineering

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Future infectious disease outbreaks are inevitable; therefore, it is critical that we maximize our readiness for these events by preparing effective public health policies and healthcare innovations. Although we do not know the nature of future pathogens, antigen-agnostic platforms have the potential to be broadly useful in the rapid response to an emerging infection—particularly in the case of vaccines. During the current COVID-19 pandemic, recent advances in mRNA engineering have proven paramount in the rapid design and production of effective vaccines. Comparatively, however, the development of new adjuvants capable of enhancing vaccine efficacy has been lagging. Despite massive improvements in our understanding of immunology, fewer than ten adjuvants have been approved for human use in the century since the discovery of the first adjuvant. Modern adjuvants can improve vaccines against future pathogens by reducing cost, improving antigen immunogenicity, and increasing antigen stability. In this perspective, we survey the current state of adjuvant use, highlight potentially impactful preclinical adjuvants, and propose new measures to accelerate adjuvant safety testing and technology sharing to enable the use of “off-the-shelf” adjuvant platforms for rapid vaccine testing and deployment in the face of future pandemics.

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Section: Adjuvants In Clinically Approved Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Adjuvants In Clinically Approved Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Novel Vaccine Adjuvants as Key Tools for Improving Pandemic Preparedness

Pogostin

McHugh

2021

Bioengineering

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“…NPs have different roles in vaccinology mainly as adjuvants, carriers, and platforms. Many nanoscale-based adjuvants and delivery vehicles for vaccines are able to elicit desirable immune responses ( Table 2 ; [ 95 ]).…”

Section: Nanoplatforms: Modern Approaches For Producing Real Anti-pathogen Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanovaccines against Animal Pathogens: The Latest Findings

et al. 2021

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Nowadays, safe and efficacious vaccines represent powerful and cost-effective tools for global health and economic growth. In the veterinary field, these are undoubtedly key tools for improving productivity and fighting zoonoses. However, cases of persistent infections, rapidly evolving pathogens having high variability or emerging/re-emerging pathogens for which no effective vaccines have been developed point out the continuing need for new vaccine alternatives to control outbreaks. Most licensed vaccines have been successfully used for many years now; however, they have intrinsic limitations, such as variable efficacy, adverse effects, and some shortcomings. More effective adjuvants and novel delivery systems may foster real vaccine effectiveness and timely implementation. Emerging vaccine technologies involving nanoparticles such as self-assembling proteins, virus-like particles, liposomes, virosomes, and polymeric nanoparticles offer novel, safe, and high-potential approaches to address many vaccine development-related challenges. Nanotechnology is accelerating the evolution of vaccines because nanomaterials having encapsulation ability and very advantageous properties due to their size and surface area serve as effective vehicles for antigen delivery and immunostimulatory agents. This review discusses the requirements for an effective, broad-coverage-elicited immune response, the main nanoplatforms for producing it, and the latest nanovaccine applications for fighting animal pathogens.

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“…The success of DNA vaccines is strongly dependent on the development of convenient and efficient gene delivery systems. They should be able to condense and protect the DNA, binding to the membrane and internalizing in eukaryotic cells, overcoming all intracellular and extracellular obstacles [ 6 ]. The intracellular delivery of nucleic acids is thought to result from the electrostatic interactions between the positive charges of the delivery system and the negative charges of the cellular membrane.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and Characterization of Mannosylated Formulations to Deliver a Minicircle DNA Vaccine

Serra

Eusébio²,

Neves³

et al. 2021

Pharmaceutics

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DNA vaccines still represent an emergent area of research, giving rise to continuous progress towards several biomedicine demands. The formulation of delivery systems to specifically target mannose receptors, which are overexpressed on antigen presenting cells (APCs), is considered a suitable strategy to improve the DNA vaccine immunogenicity. The present study developed binary and ternary carriers, based on polyethylenimine (PEI), octa-arginine peptide (R8), and mannose ligands, to specifically deliver a minicircle DNA (mcDNA) vaccine to APCs. Systems were prepared at various nitrogen to phosphate group (N/P) ratios and characterized in terms of their morphology, size, surface charge, and complexation capacity. In vitro studies were conducted to assess the biocompatibility, cell internalization ability, and gene expression of formulated carriers. The high charge density and condensing capacity of both PEI and R8 enhance the interaction with the mcDNA, leading to the formation of smaller particles. The addition of PEI polymer to the R8-mannose/mcDNA binary system reduces the size and increases the zeta potential and system stability. Confocal microscopy studies confirmed intracellular localization of targeting systems, resulting in sustained mcDNA uptake. Furthermore, the efficiency of in vitro transfection can be influenced by the presence of R8-mannose, with great implications for gene expression. R8-mannose/PEI/mcDNA ternary systems can be considered valuable tools to instigate further research, aiming for advances in the DNA vaccine field.

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An Overview of Nanocarrier-Based Adjuvants for Vaccine Delivery

Cited by 76 publications

References 169 publications

Novel Vaccine Adjuvants as Key Tools for Improving Pandemic Preparedness

Novel Vaccine Adjuvants as Key Tools for Improving Pandemic Preparedness

Nanovaccines against Animal Pathogens: The Latest Findings

Synthesis and Characterization of Mannosylated Formulations to Deliver a Minicircle DNA Vaccine

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