An overview of online charging in 3GPP networks: new ways of utilizing user, network, and service‐related information

Abstract

SUMMARY Modern charging systems routinely apply the user, network, and service‐related information while performing online charging. Compared, however, to all the information available to and used in managing the network as a whole, the charging systems only use a limited subset. This work is motivated by the challenge to identify which information is used, and how it is used in online charging‐related processes, and also to explore whether it could be utilized ‘better’ or ‘smarter’ to improve future online charging systems functionality. We do not attempt to predict which information will be utilized in such systems and for what purpose, but instead summarize the open issues in view of the emerging trend of exploiting the user, network and service‐related information in service provisioning. We focus on the most recent 3GPP standards and relevant research papers, and propose three key aspects of online charging, with respect to information utilization: (a) signaling aspect, (b) inter‐domain aspect, and (c) service‐ and component‐based aspect. We present a state‐of‐the‐art review by grouping the works found in the literature based on the aspects they are associated with, and compare them based on the proposed comparison criteria. The discussion presented at the end of the paper indicates three common open issues, namely: (1) lack of common charging information specification and structure; (2) lack of mechanisms for information sharing among stakeholders in the service delivery process; and (3) lack of a common framework for sharing information while protecting user privacy. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Online Charging Based on Machine Context for M2M Communication in LTE

“…(The monitoring process for context-based charging has been introduced as a concept in our past works as a part of the context-based charging model. For further information, an interested reader is referred to [13] and [11].) The monitoring process is responsible for the following:…”

“…The emulated machines are implemented in Java, and they are integrated with Policy Control 2.0, a software that emulates policy-based resource reservation mechanisms in LTE and provides a prototype functionality of the OCS and the M2M Server. Policy Control 2.0 has already been used in our previous works [13,11].…”

“…Congestion-based pricing plans are particularly suitable for M2M services (or classes of services) that have deterministic or foreseeable communication requirements [19]. What the current 3GPP online charging system (OCS), which is responsible for real-time cost calculation and service authorization, does not take into account (by design) are the communication requirements and the contextual situation of M2M services that are being charged [13], nor do the OCS implements the mechanisms for "smarter" authorization of services given their context.…”