An overview of slagging and fouling indicators and their applicability to biomass fuels

Lachman, Jakub; Baláš, Marek; Lisý, Martin; Lisá, Hana; Milčák, Pavel; Elbl, Patrik

doi:10.1016/j.fuproc.2021.106804

Cited by 150 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Obviously, the metal elements in the SP-torrefied product should be derived from the precursor SP. These inorganic elements could be presented in the forms of carbonates, oxides or chlorides, possibly leading to serious slagging, fouling or corrosion in boilers or gasifiers when cofiring a SP-torrefied product with pulverized coal [29]. Based on the EDS analysis (Figure 4), the elemental compositions were observed on the surfaces of the feedstock SP and optimal SP-torrefied product (i.e., T-SP-280-30).…”

Section: Fuel Properties Of Sp-torrefied Products (T-sp)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Fuel Properties Of Sp-torrefied Products (T-sp)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fuel Properties of Torrefied Biomass from Sapindus Pericarp Extraction Residue under a Wide Range of Pyrolysis Conditions

et al. 2021

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In this work, a novel biomass, the extraction residue of Sapindus pericarp (SP), was torrefied by using an electronic oven under a wide range of temperature (i.e., 200–320 °C) and residence times (i.e., 0–60 min). From the results of the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of SP, a significant weight loss was observed in the temperature range of 200–400 °C, which can be divided into the decompositions of hemicellulose (major)/lignin (minor) (200–320 °C) and cellulose (major)/lignin (minor) (320–400 °C). Based on the fuel properties of the feedstock SP and SP-torrefied products, the optimal torrefaction conditions can be found at around 280 °C for holding 30 min, showing that the calorific value, enhancement factor and energy yield of the torrefied biomass were enhanced to be 28.60 MJ/kg, 1.36 and 82.04 wt%, respectively. Consistently, the values of the calorific value, carbon content and molar carbon/hydrogen (C/H) ratio indicated an increasing trend at higher torrefaction temperatures and/or longer residence times. The findings showed that some SP-torrefied solids can be grouped into the characteristics of a lignite-like biomass by a van Krevelen diagram for all the SP-torrefied products. However, the SP-torrefied fuels would be particularly susceptible to the problems of slagging and fouling because of the relatively high contents of potassium (K) and calcium (Ca) based on the analytical results of the energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS).

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Section: Fuel Properties Of Sp-torrefied Products (T-sp)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Fuel Properties Of Sp-torrefied Products (T-sp)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Fuel Properties of Torrefied Biomass from Sapindus Pericarp Extraction Residue under a Wide Range of Pyrolysis Conditions

et al. 2021

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“…Many various indicators for classifying a fuel in terms of ash behavior are in use [43][44][45][46][47]. Such methods allow prediction of ash agglomeration, slagging, fouling or corrosion potential.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Properties of Animal-Origin Ash—A Valuable Material for Circular Economy

2022

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In the presented paper, two types of animal-origin biomass, cow dung and chicken litter, are characterized in terms of combustion-related problems and ash properties. It was found that these parameters strongly depend on the farming style. Whether it is cow dung or chicken litter, free-range raw materials are characterized by higher ash contents than industrial farming ones. Free-range samples contain chlorine at lower levels, while industrial farming samples are chlorine rich. Free-range samples are characterized by the predominant content of silica in the ash: 75.60% in cow dung and 57.11% in chicken litter, while industrial farming samples contain more calcium. Samples were classified by 11 “slagging indices” based on the ash and fuel composition to evaluate their tendencies for slagging, fouling, ash deposition and bed agglomeration. Furthermore, an assessment was made against the current EU law regulations, whether the ashes can be component materials for fertilizers. The phosphorus concentration in the investigated ashes corresponds to 4.09–23.73 wt% P2O5 and is significantly higher in industrial chicken litter samples. The concentrations of Hg, Cu, As, Ni, Cd and Pb in all samples are below the limits of the UE regulations. However, concentrations of Cr in all samples and Zn in industrial chicken litter exceed these standards.

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“…However, the application of these processes is challenging due to the necessity, among others, to use technical solutions that will cope with problems, such as a wide range of chemical composition, shape, and humidity of input materials. It causes difficulties with stabilizing the combustion process and emissions of dusts, hydrogen chloride, furans, dioxins, and ash removal [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ]. The problems concerning the physical parameters of biomass as a fuel may be solved by its granulation and briquetting [ 6 , 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Batch Pyrolysis and Co-Pyrolysis of Beet Pulp and Wheat Straw

et al. 2022

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Granulated beet pulp and wheat straw, first separately and then mixed in a weight ratio of 50/50%, underwent a pyrolysis process in a laboratory batch generator with process temperatures of 400 and 500 °C. The feedstock’s chemical composition and the pyrolysis products’ chemical composition (biochar and pyrolysis gas) were analysed. A synergistic effect was observed in the co-pyrolysis of the combined feedstock, which occurred as an increase the content of the arising gas in relation to the total weight of the products. and as a reduction of bio-oil content. The maximum gas proportion was 21.8% at 500 °C and the minimum between 12.6% and 18.4% for the pyrolysis of individual substrates at 400 °C. The proportions of the gases, including CO, CO2, CH4, H2, and O2, present in the resulting synthesis gases were also analysed. The usage of a higher pyrolysis final temperature strongly affected the increase of the CH4 and H2 concentration and the decrease of CO2 and CO concentration in the pyrolysis gas. The highest percentage of hydrogen in the synthesis gas, around 33%vol, occurred at 500 °C during co-pyrolysis.

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An overview of slagging and fouling indicators and their applicability to biomass fuels

Cited by 150 publications

References 39 publications

Fuel Properties of Torrefied Biomass from Sapindus Pericarp Extraction Residue under a Wide Range of Pyrolysis Conditions

Fuel Properties of Torrefied Biomass from Sapindus Pericarp Extraction Residue under a Wide Range of Pyrolysis Conditions

Properties of Animal-Origin Ash—A Valuable Material for Circular Economy

Batch Pyrolysis and Co-Pyrolysis of Beet Pulp and Wheat Straw

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