An Overview of the Beneficial Role of Antioxidants in the Treatment of Nanoparticle‐Induced Toxicities

Abstract

Nanoparticles (NPs) are used in many products and materials for humans such as electronics, in medicine for drug delivery, as biosensors, in biotechnology, and in agriculture, as ingredients in cosmetics and food supplements. Besides that, NPs may display potentially hazardous properties on human health and the environment as a consequence of their abundant use in life nowadays. Hence, there is increased interest of researchers to provide possible therapeutic agents or dietary supplements for the amelioration of NP-induced toxicity. This review summarizes the new findings in the research of the use of antioxidants as supplements for the prevention and alleviation of harmful effects caused by exposure of organisms to NPs. Also, mechanisms involved in the formation of NP-induced oxidative stress and protective mechanisms using different antioxidant substances have also been elaborated. This review also highlights the potential of naturally occurring antioxidants for the enhancement of the antioxidant defense systems in the prevention and mitigation of organism damage caused by NP-induced oxidative stress. Based on the presented results of the most recent studies, it may be concluded that the role of antioxidants in the prevention and treatment of nanoparticle-induced toxicity is unimpeachable. This is particularly important in terms of oxidative stress suppression.

Nanoformulation Safety versus Toxicity; What do the Recent Studies Tell Us?

“…After prolonged exposure to zinc oxide and aluminum oxide, NPs to rats by oral route for 75 days, hepatic expression of mtTFA and PGC-1α proteins and toxicities in the kidney and liver [25]. In comparison, the morbidity of the parental planktonic crustacean female Daphnia Magna occurred after chronic exposure to gold NPs for 21 days due to diminished development.…”

“…To know the carcinogenicity of NPs, studies should be done in vivo treatment in rodents for 24 months [25].…”

“…It declined fitness of reproduction that manifested by diminution of the aborted eggs and even total offspring [24]. When experimental rats were exposed to 12 weeks of inhalation of titanium dioxide NPs, lung toxicity manifested by the diminishing function of macrophages in the lung alveolus, inflammation and lung injury [25].…”

A Recent advances in nanoparticles as antibacterial agent

“…To reduce the harmful effects of NPs on organisms, there are different approaches, such as the use of antioxidants. The beneficial effects of using antioxidant substances have been reported, especially in toxicities associated with NP-induced oxidative stress formation [ 95 ]. In addition, proper adjustment of the threshold dose and exposure time that inhibit cell viability is vital for the safe delivery of NPs.…”

Lycopene: a therapeutic strategy against coronavirus disease 19 (COVID- 19)

“…Wackenroder discovered an orange pigment in carrots (Daucus Carota) in 1831 and named it "Carotene" after the Latin term Carota (Pfander 1992). Carotenoids are antioxidants that may have an impact on the immune system (Mihailovic et al 2021), exhibiting a wide range of biological effects in addition to acting as an immunomodulator, influencing T and B cell activity, inducing differentiation, and inhibiting cell proliferation in some cells, and influencing humoral and cellular immunity (Zhao et al 2017). Lycopene is a dietary component that can be derived from a variety of plant sources.…”