An Overview of the Latest Graphene‐Based Sensors for Glucose Detection: the Effects of Graphene Defects

Abstract

In this review, we analyze several types of graphene‐based sensors for glucose detection with respect to their preparation, properties and efficiency in electrochemical processes. Graphene may display different types of defects, which play a role in the electron transfer processes. Oxygenated groups on the edges of graphene planes reduce the graphene in‐plane conductivity, but may enhance the heterogeneous electron/proton transfer constant. Other positive effects of defects are related to the shortening of the distance between active centers and electrodes upon enzyme or protein immobilization. However, though by different mechanisms, all types of graphene enhance the electrochemical response at the electrode.

Recent Advances in Biosensing for Neurotransmitters and Disease Biomarkers using Microelectrodes

“…Carbone et al . also supported in their Review on graphene‐based sensor for glucose detection that the defect sites on the edge plane of graphene could reduce the distance between graphene and the immobilized enzyme, facilitating the direct electron transfer of glucose oxidase at the sensor surface.…”

“…Carbone et al [80] also supported in their Review on graphene-based sensor for glucose detection that the defect sites on the edge plane of graphene could reduce the distance between graphene and the immobilized enzyme, facilitating the direct electron transfer of glucose oxidase at the sensor surface. Wen et al [81] modified a carbon fiber microelectrode using carboxylated carbon nanotubes and a biocatalyst precursor consisting of a conductive vinylimidazole polymer and glucose oxidase.…”

Self-Assembled Ionic Liquid-Phosphomolybdic Acid/Reduced Graphene Oxide Composite Modified Electrode for Sensitive Determination of Dopamine

“…5 μL of the suspension was dropped onto a GCE and dried at room temperature to form RGO/GCE. Then RGO/GCE surface was modified with a self-assembled PMo 12 …”

“…This kind of graphene is also called chemically reduced graphene oxide (RGO), usually has abundant structure defects and functional groups 10,11 which are advantageous for its electrochemical applications. 12 Recently, RGO or RGO composite-based modified electrodes have attracted much attention in the field of electrochemical sensors and biosensors, 13 electroanalysis 14 and electrochemical determination of metal ions, 15 et al Polyoxometalates are Keggin-type heteropolyanions of molybdenum and tungsten, which are particularly attractive because of their ability to adsorb irreversibly on carbon and metal surfaces by selfassembling to form structured films. 16 Such polyoxometallates are rigid inorganic metal-oxygen compounds which undergo reversible stepwise multi-electron transfer reactions of importance to such technologies as electrocatalysis, molecular electronics and sensing.…”

A bimetallic nanocoral Au decorated with Pt nanoflowers (bio)sensor for H2O2 detection at low potential

“…The main disadvantages of the bienzymatic biosensor are the instability due to the presence of two enzymes and the difficulty in the binding of peroxidases onto solid surfaces [3]. With the advent of nanotechnology, an interest was focused on developing new nanomaterials and to employ them for an improved sensor sensitivity and for a preservation of the native structure of the enzyme when immobilized onto the electrode surface [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]. In particular, more recent studies demonstrate that the electrode modification with metal nanoparticles such as gold [4,13,14] or platinum [15][16][17] decreases the overpotential for the detection of H 2 O 2 .…”