An Overview of the Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity of Metals

Clarkson, Thomas W.; Nordberg, Gunnar F.; Sager, Polly R.; Berlin, Maths; Friberg, L; Mattison, Donald R.; Miller, Richard K.; Mottet, N. Karle; Nelson, Norton; Parizek, J.; Rodier, P.; Sandstead, Harold R.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-9346-1_1

Cited by 19 publications

(22 citation statements)

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“…It is, in part, based on a conference held in the summer of 1982 and sponsored by a subcommittee of the Permanent Commission and International Association on Occupational Health. This committee, the Scientific Committee on the Toxicology of Metals, produced an extensive review of this field (9), and we will attempt to update this information . We summarize both the effects and metabolism of metals as far as reproduction and development are concerned.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Reproductive and developmental toxicity of metals.

Clarkson¹,

Nordberg²,

Sager³

1985

Scand J Work Environ Health

134

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Reproductive and developmental toxicity of metals.

Clarkson¹,

Nordberg²,

Sager³

1985

Scand J Work Environ Health

134

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“…As a persistent environmental pol lutant of considerable developmental toxicity, cadmium deserves special attention [2,3]. During the early postna tal period the human being is most susceptible to heavy metal toxicity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cadmium Contamination of Early Human Milk

Sikorski¹,

Paszkowski²,

Radomański³

et al. 1989

Gynecol Obstet Invest

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The concentration of cadmium was measured by flame atomic absorption spectrometry in colostrum samples obtained from 110 women on the 4th postpartum day. Detectable amounts of cadmium were found in 95% of the examined samples and the geometric mean of the determined values was 0.002 mg/kg. In 3 cases (2.7%, the examined neonates received via mother’s milk an amount of cadmium exceeding the maximum daily intake level for this metal. Maternal age, parity and place of residence did not affect the determined cadmium levels of milk. Cadmium content in the early human milk of current smokers did not differ significantly from that of nonsmoking mothers.

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“…It is likely that there are many pathways. There are so many toxic exposures that reduce growth in mammals that physical growth is usually considered a general measure of toxicity (e.g., of metals; see Clarkson et al, 1983). It is unlikely therefore that a single biological pathway will be found to account for reduced growth in children exposed to the wide variety of chemical mixtures, as at Love Canal or in Taiwan and Japan.…”

Section: Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of pollutants on human prenatal and postnatal growth: Noise, lead, polychlorobiphenyl compounds, and toxic wastes

Schell

1991

Am. J. Phys. Anthropol.

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Industrialization is a major force altering the environment for human habitation. Pollution from industrialization may pose new adaptive challenges for Homo sapiens as well as for other species. The study of human biological adaptation is a traditional area of physical anthropology, but until recently it has not focused on the adaptative challenges of the modern anthropogenic environment. By combining research from anthropology, epidemiology, and public health, it is possible to gauge some of the effects of pollution on human health and adaptation. This review focuses on human growth as a measure of health and a component of human adaptability. Considerable evidence now exists for an adverse impact of lead, noise, and polychlorinated biphenyls on human growth, either prenatal, postnatal, or both. There is substantial replication of results among studies, many of which differ in exposure assessment and classification, sample composition and size, and statistical techniques. Because of this amongstudy variation, specifying the exact amount of growth retardation due to a pollutant is difficult, but the direction and often the magnitude of the effect is similar across studies. There remain numerous barriers to more definitive research on environmental pollutants and health outcomes of importance to biological anthropologists. These are discussed also.Industrial pollution has rapidly and tremendously altered the environment for human habitation. Until industrialization, contaminant levels in the environment and in people were probably quite low. The possible exceptions are few. Lead from poorly fired pottery (Nriagu, 1983) and indoor air pollution from ineffectively drafted hearths (Eisenbud, 1978) may have been the main pollutants a t different times. With the development of craft specialists, occupational exposure began, and from this origin, pollutant levels grew with production. Compared to crafts techniques, industrialization represents a quantum leap in production and in contamination.The environment today contains new materials and old materials at concentrations much higher than people have ever encountered before. Exposure in the home and work place has become routine. A crucial feature of the new exposure pattern is that children are exposed also. The exposure may occur postnatally, or prenatally through passage of contaminants across the placenta. Human physical growth and development is known to be sensitive to a variety of environmental influences. Though early observations on the ecosensitivity of 0 1991 Wiley-Liss, Inc. 158 YEARBOOK OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY[Vol. 34, 1991 growth may have been anecdotal, research over the last century has documented specific environmental features associated with variation in the pattern of human growth (Tanner, 1962;Bogin, 1988). The physical influences of temperature, hypoxia, and season of the year, as well as numerous social arrangements and characteristics, including parents' occupations and incomes, birth order, family size, and urban versus rural resid...

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An Overview of the Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity of Metals

Cited by 19 publications

References 0 publications

Reproductive and developmental toxicity of metals.

Reproductive and developmental toxicity of metals.

Cadmium Contamination of Early Human Milk

Effects of pollutants on human prenatal and postnatal growth: Noise, lead, polychlorobiphenyl compounds, and toxic wastes

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