An overview of treatment response rates to various anti-viral drugs in Pakistani Hepatitis B Virus infected patients

Idrees

et al. 2011

Virol J

Self Cite

123

In Pakistan, there are estimated 7-9 million carriers of hepatitis B virus (HBV) with a carrier rate of 3-5%. This article reviews the available literature about the prevalence, risk factors, awareness status and genotypes of the HBV in Pakistan by using key words; HBV prevalence, risk factors, awareness status and genotypes in Pakistani population in PubMed, PakMediNet, Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) and Google Scholar. One hundred and six different studies published from 1998 to 2010 were included in this study. Weighted mean and standard deviation were determined for each population group. The percentage of hepatitis B virus infection in general population was 4.3318% ± 1.644%, healthy blood donors (3.93% ± 1.58%), military recruits (4.276% ± 1.646%), healthcare persons (3.25% ± 1.202%), pregnant women (5.872% ± 4.984), prisoners (5.75% ± 0.212%), surgical patients (7.397% ± 2.012%), patients with cirrhosis (28.87% ± 11.90%), patients with HCC (22% ± 2.645%), patients with hepatitis (15.896% ± 14.824%), patients with liver diseases (27.54% ± 6.385%), multiple transfused patients (6.223% ± 2.121%), opthalmic patients (3.89% ± 1.004%) and users of injectable drugs (14.95% ± 10.536%). Genotype D (63.71%) is the most prevalent genotype in Pakistani population. Mass vaccination and awareness programs should be initiated on urgent basis especially in populations with HBV infection rates of more than 5%.

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatitis B virus in Pakistan: A systematic review of prevalence, risk factors, awareness status and genotypes

Idrees

et al. 2011

Virol J

Self Cite

123

“…In the middle age people the higher infection of hepatitis occurred. Total 168 blood fi lms were studied in age 13…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The transmission of hepatitis is possible through blood and other body fl uids are known since long time [9,10]. One of the major health problems is hepatitis B virus (HBV) [13], the condition is intense in Asia, Southren Africa, Latin America and Europe. It is assessed that more than 2 billion individuals are contaminated with HBV around the wide [14,15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Hepatitis B and C in District Dir Upper, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Shaz¹,

Ullah²,

Rafique³

2019

Glob J Clin Virol

The current study was performed on the dominance of hepatitis B and C in three tehsils of District Dir upper namely Dir, Wari and Sheringal. The data were collected from three tehsils in which 11 were positive cases and 339 were found negative cases during my research work. The higher incidence of hepatitis was found in tehsil Dir which was 6 i.e. (3.52%) and lowest rate of hepatitis was showed in Tehsil Wari which was 4 i.e. (2.75%). And in Gender wise prevalence out of 350 positive cases were 8 i.e. (4.0%) were male and 3 i.e. (2%) were female. This shows that the prevalence of hepatitis is higher in males than females. The higher prevalence of hepatitis were found in the middle age people from 13-40 which was (4.76%) and lowest infection are establish in people having age greater than 41 which was (1.21%).

“…81 PLGA particles have been used to deliver antigens derived from various pathogens, including hepatitis B virus (HBV), VMP001 malaria protein, Bacillus anthracis, HIV antigens and tumor-associated antigens. [93][94][95][96][97][98][99] Fine-tuning their molecular composition and weight can easily control the kinetics of antigen and adjuvant release into several phases after a single vaccination. 100 When they are loaded with ovalbumin (OVA) antigens and monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) adjuvants, orally administered PLGA nanoparticles stimulate significantly the production of more potent IgG and IgA antibody titers compared to an OVA antigen solution or PLGA nanoparticles loaded with the OVA antigen alone.…”

Section: Polymermentioning

confidence: 99%

Applications and perspectives of nanomaterials in novel vaccine development

Shen

Hao

et al. 2018

Med. Chem. Commun.

Vaccines show great potential for both prophylactic and therapeutic use in infections, cancer, and other diseases. With the rapid development of bio-technologies and materials sciences, nanomaterials are playing essential roles in novel vaccine formulations and can boost antigen effectiveness by operating as delivery systems to enhance antigen processing and/or as immune-potentiating adjuvants to induce or potentiate immune responses. The effect of nanoparticles in vaccinology showed enhanced antigen stability and immunogenicity as well as targeted delivery and slow release. However, obstacles remain due to the lack of fundamental knowledge on the detailed molecular working mechanism and bio-effects of nanoparticles. This review provides a broad overview of the current improvements in nanoparticles in vaccinology. Modern nanoparticle vaccines are classified by the nanoparticles' action based on either delivery system or immune potentiator approaches. The mechanisms of interaction of nanoparticles with the antigens and the immune system are discussed. Nanoparticle vaccines approved for use are also listed. A fundamental understanding of the bio-distribution and the fate of nanoparticles will accelerate the rational design of new nanoparticles comprising vaccines in the future.