An Overview on Ginseng and Energy Metabolism

Zhang, Haojun; Wang, Dongliang; Ru, Wenwen; Qin, Yufeng; Zhou, Xiangshan

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-805413-0.00013-2

Cited by 3 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 154 publications

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“…Several studies have noted that MMPs are overexpressed in malignant tissues than the adjacent normal tissues in a range of tumors, including lung, colon, breast, and pancreatic carcinomas (Radad et al, 2011;Nakhjavani et al, 2019). Previous research has shown that downregulating the expressions of intracellular MMP-9 can increase invasion and metastasis processes several cancers (Zhang et al, 2017, Liu et al, 2019. Furthermore, oxidative stress can induce receptor-dependent apoptosis and damage the mitochondria of normal cells.…”

Section: Effect Of Ddk-401 On Gene Expression Affecting Apoptotic And...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Dharmananda ( 2002 ) documented the medical history of ginseng from 220 CE to the 20th century. Experts in various fields, such as oncology ( Majeed et al, 2018 ; Nakhjavani et al, 2019 ; Yu-hang et al, 2019 ), central nervous system ( Radad et al, 2011 ), energy metabolism ( Zhang et al, 2017 ), stroke ( Liu et al, 2019 ), depression ( Jin et al, 2019 ), infectious diseases ( Nguyen and Nguyen, 2019 ), neurology ( Huang et al, 2019 ), skin disorders ( Kim and Kim, 2018 ), Parkinson’s disease ( González-Burgos et al, 2015 ), autophagy ( Wu et al, 2019 ), inflammation ( Ramadhania et al, 2022 ), diabetes ( Zhou et al, 2019 ), hepatology ( Gao et al, 2017 ), obesity ( Li and Ji, 2018 ), mitochondrial activity ( Zhou et al, 2019c ), cardiology ( Zheng et al, 2012 ), antimicrobials ( Kachur and Suntres, 2016 ), immune functions ( Kang and Min, 2012 ; Riaz et al, 2019 ), and molecular signaling pathways ( Mohanan et al, 2018 ), have reviewed the continuous details of ginseng’s efficacy to understand how the ginsenosides disrupt diseases as well as their related mechanisms. Ginseng is generally classified into white, red, and black ginseng according to different stages of processing, and all of these ginseng products are available in the market.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Transcriptome expression profile of compound-K-enriched red ginseng extract (DDK-401) in Korean volunteers and its apoptotic properties

et al. 2022

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Ginseng and ginsenosides have been reported to have various pharmacological effects, but their efficacies depend on intestinal absorption. Compound K (CK) is gaining prominence for its biological and pharmaceutical properties. In this study, CK-enriched fermented red ginseng extract (DDK-401) was prepared by enzymatic reactions. To examine its pharmacokinetics, a randomized, single-dose, two-sequence, crossover study was performed with eleven healthy Korean male and female volunteers. The volunteers were assigned to take a single oral dose of one of two extracts, DDK-401 or common red ginseng extract (DDK-204), during the initial period. After a 7-day washout, they received the other extract. The pharmacokinetics of DDK-401 showed that its maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) occurred at 184.8 ± 39.64 ng/mL, Tmax was at 2.4 h, and AUC0–12h was 920.3 ± 194.70 ng h/mL, which were all better than those of DDK-204. The maximum CK absorption in the female volunteers was higher than that in the male volunteers. The differentially expressed genes from the male and female groups were subjected to a KEGG pathway analysis, which showed results in the cell death pathway, such as apoptosis and necroptosis. In cytotoxicity tests, DDK-401 and DDK-204 were not particularly toxic to normal (HaCaT) cells, but at a concentration of 250 μg/mL, DDK-401 had a much higher toxicity to human lung cancer (A549) cells than DDK-204. DDK-401 also showed a stronger antioxidant capacity than DDK-204 in both the DPPH and potassium ferricyanide reducing power assays. DDK-401 reduced the reactive oxygen species production in HaCaT cells with induced oxidative stress and led to apoptosis in the A549 cells. In the mRNA sequence analysis, a signaling pathway with selected marker genes was assessed by RT-PCR. In the HaCaT cells, DDK-401 and DDK-204 did not regulate FOXO3, TLR4, MMP-9, or p38 expression; however, in the A549 cells, DDK-401 downregulated the expressions of MMP9 and TLR4 as well as upregulated the expressions of the p38 and caspase-8 genes compared to DDK-204. These results suggest that DDK-401 could act as a molecular switch for these two cellular processes in response to cell damage signaling and that it could be a potential candidate for further evaluations in health promotion studies.

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Section: Effect Of Ddk-401 On Gene Expression Affecting Apoptotic And...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcriptome expression profile of compound-K-enriched red ginseng extract (DDK-401) in Korean volunteers and its apoptotic properties

et al. 2022

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“…As shown in Table 3, the BAP content of SG was 1.11 ± 0.57 µg/kg after one heat treatment process for three hours, whereas for HG it was 0.44 ± 0.03 µg/kg. (1) S-T85-3h (2) (1) S: Stored ginseng; H: Harvested ginseng; T: Temperature; h: Steaming time; B: main root; R: fine root; (2) The data are expressed as the mean ± SD (n = 3). * p < 0.05, compared with WG.…”

Section: Benzo[a]pyrenementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Korean Ginseng ( Panax ginseng C.A. Mayer) is one of the traditional medicinal plants cultivated in Korea, and it has been widely used in traditional medicines and functional foods [ 1 ]. It is typically cultivated for 4, 5, or 6 years.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of Black Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Mayer) Production Using Ginseng Stored at Low Temperature after Harvest

Oh¹,

Lee²,

Lee³

et al. 2021

Metabolites

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Ginseng processing often involves multiple drying and heat treatments. Ginseng is typically processed within one week of harvesting or is stored at low temperatures to prevent spoilage. Black ginseng (BG) is manufactured by repeating the heat treatment and drying process of ginseng several times. We compared the suitability of low-temperature stored ginseng (SG) and harvested ginseng (HG) as the components for black ginseng production. SG and HG were processed into black ginseng and the appearance change, free sugar content, and benzo[a]pyrene (BAP) content were observed. Appearance observations showed the SG to be suitable in terms of quality when heat-treated at a temperature of 95 ℃ or higher. The BAP content of the SG increased significantly as the steaming process was repeated. A maximum BAP concentration of 5.31 ± 1.12 μg/kg was measured in SG steamed from 2 to 5 times, making it unsuitable for processing into BG. SG and HG showed similar trends in the content of sucrose, fructose, and glucose during steaming. This study aimed to facilitate the proper choice of base material to improve the safety of black ginseng by limiting BAP production during processing.

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“…Ginseng is one of the most revered medicinal plant in traditional oriental medicine [ 1 ]. Different medicinal applications of ginseng, including anti-Alzheimer disease activity [ 2 ], anticancer properties [ 3 ] and treatment of the skin diseases, e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative aspects of the hydrolysis of ginseng saponins: Application in HPLC-MS analysis of herbal products

Abashev

Stekolshchikova

Ставрианиди

2021

Journal of Ginseng Research

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Background Ginseng is one of the most valuable herbal supplements. It is challenging to perform quality control of ginseng products due to the diversity of bioactive saponins in their composition. Acid or alkaline hydrolysis is often used for the structural elucidation of these saponins and sugars in their side chains. Complete transformation of the original ginsenosides into their aglycones during the hydrolysis is one of the ways to determine a total saponin group content. The main hurdle of this approach is the formation of various by-products that was reported by many authors. Methods Separate HPLC assessment of the total protopanaxadiol, protopanaxatriol and ocotillol ginsenoside contents is a viable alternative to the determination of characteristic biomarkers of these saponin groups, such as ginsenoside Rf and pseudoginsenoside F 11 , which are commonly used for authentication of P. ginseng Meyer and P. quinquefolius L. samples respectively. Moreover, total ginsenoside content is an ideal aggregated parameter for standardization and quality control of ginseng-based medicines, because it can be directly applied for saponin dosage calculation. Results Different hydrolysis conditions were tested to develop accurate quantification method for the elucidation of total ginsenoside contents in herbal products. Linearity, limits of quantification, limits of detection, accuracy and precision were evaluated for the developed HPLC-MS method. Conclusion Alkaline hydrolysis results in fewer by-products than sugar elimination in acidic conditions. An equimolar response, as a key parameter for quantification, was established for several major ginsenosides. The developed approach has shown acceptable results in the analysis of several different herbal products.

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An Overview on Ginseng and Energy Metabolism

Cited by 3 publications

References 154 publications

Transcriptome expression profile of compound-K-enriched red ginseng extract (DDK-401) in Korean volunteers and its apoptotic properties

Transcriptome expression profile of compound-K-enriched red ginseng extract (DDK-401) in Korean volunteers and its apoptotic properties

Characteristics of Black Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Mayer) Production Using Ginseng Stored at Low Temperature after Harvest

Quantitative aspects of the hydrolysis of ginseng saponins: Application in HPLC-MS analysis of herbal products

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