An Overview on Mycotoxin Contamination of Foods in Africa

Darwish, Wageh Sobhy; Ikenaka, Yoshinori; Nakayama, Shouta M.M.; Ishizuka, Mayumi

doi:10.1292/jvms.13-0563

Cited by 160 publications

(138 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…Not only aflatoxins but also fumonisins have been frequently reported in some African countries, with high levels in maize. Maximum concentrations of aflatoxins and fumonisins were 355 µg/kg and 20,000 µg/kg in Ghana and Zambia, respectively [104]. Levels of ochratoxin A in cereals in Africa varied considerably depending on the location of the sample, respective maximum concentrations of 112 and 2106 µg/kg being observed in cereals in Tunisia-Morocco and Ethiopia.…”

Section: Mycotoxin Contaminationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Levels of ochratoxin A in cereals in Africa varied considerably depending on the location of the sample, respective maximum concentrations of 112 and 2106 µg/kg being observed in cereals in Tunisia-Morocco and Ethiopia. By contrast, contamination by deoxynivalenol and zearalenone appears to be low in both human food and animal feed in Africa [104]. …”

Section: Mycotoxin Contaminationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Worldwide Mycotoxins Exposure in Pig and Poultry Feed Formulations

Guerre

2016

Toxins

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The purpose of this review is to present information about raw materials that can be used in pig and poultry diets and the factors responsible for variations in their mycotoxin contents. The levels of mycotoxins in pig and poultry feeds are calculated based on mycotoxin contamination levels of the raw materials with different diet formulations, to highlight the important role the stage of production and the raw materials used can have on mycotoxins levels in diets. Our analysis focuses on mycotoxins for which maximum tolerated levels or regulatory guidelines exist, and for which sufficient contamination data are available. Raw materials used in feed formulation vary considerably depending on the species of animal, and the stage of production. Mycotoxins are secondary fungal metabolites whose frequency and levels also vary considerably depending on the raw materials used and on the geographic location where they were produced. Although several reviews of existing data and of the literature on worldwide mycotoxin contamination of food and feed are available, the impact of the different raw materials used on feed formulation has not been widely studied.

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Section: Mycotoxin Contaminationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mycotoxin Contaminationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Worldwide Mycotoxins Exposure in Pig and Poultry Feed Formulations

Guerre

2016

Toxins

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“…Besides the postharvest losses, mycotoxin contamination is another huge burden on smallholder farmers in SSA (Merck, 2006). It attracts much attention because of its significant impact on the economy and its potential hazard to human health, animal productivity, and trade (Wu, 2004;Wagacha and Muthomi, 2008;Darwish et al, 2014). Mycotoxins are a major problem in SSA countries where climatic conditions, agronomic and storage practices are favorable for insect infestation, fungal growth and toxin production (Fandohan et al, 2004;Kumar et al, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Postharvest Practices and Mycotoxins of Maize in Three Agro-Ecological Zones in Tanzania

Suleiman¹,

Rosentrater²,

Chove³

2017

2017 Spokane, Washington July 16 - July 19, 2017

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Maize is a major cereal crop in Tanzania and it is grown in diverse agro-ecological zones. Like other subSaharan countries, postharvest losses of maize during storage in Tanzania remain significantly high, especially for smallholder farmers. Unpredictable weather and poor postharvest practice contribute to rapid deterioration of grain and mold contamination, and subsequent production of mycotoxins. The purpose of this study was to assess the postharvest practices, awareness and knowledge of mycotoxin contamination in maize grain in three agro-ecological zones (Eastern, Central, and Northern) of Tanzania between November 2015 and February 2016. A survey using semi-structured questionnaires was administered to farmers, traders, and consumers of maize. A total of 90 people (30 from each zone) were surveyed with a response rate of was 96% (87). In addition, several samples of maize were collected and analyzed for aflatoxin, fumonisin, and Zearalenone contamination to validate the awareness and knowledge of mycotoxin contamination of maize. The result shows a high level of postharvest losses of maize mainly through insect infestation. Moreover, over 80% of the farmers, traders, and consumers of maize were unaware of mycotoxins contamination. All maize samples collected contained detected levels of mycotoxins. The maximum concentration of aflatoxins, fumonisin, and Zearalenone in maize samples was 19.20 ppb, 7.60 ppm, and 189.90 ppb respectively. Education intervention is necessary to decrease the disconnect observed between actual mycotoxin contamination and the awareness and knowledge of farmers, traders, and consumers of maize in Tanzania. Enhancing awareness and knowledge provide the opportunity to educate on post-harvest practices that reduce postharvest losses and mycotoxin of maize in Tanzania.

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“…Although aflatoxins have been identified in a wide range of foodstuffs, the most severely contaminated crops are maize and groundnuts, both of which are major staples across Africa. Shephard (2003) and Darwish et al (2014) provide excellent reviews on aflatoxin prevalence and public health risk in Africa up to 2002 and 2013, respectively. The foregoing summary draws heavily upon and updates these reviews, with a focus on maize, groundnut, and animal-source foods.…”

Section: Prevalence Of Aflatoxins In Major Food Supply Chainsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…is rarely affected by aflatoxin, according to Shephard (2003), though contamination with other mycotoxins-in particular, fumonisins-appears to be more significant (Darwish et al 2014). Routine testing of commercial maize and maize products shows an absence of the toxin at detectable (greater than 2 ppb) levels in most years, though levels reached 20 ppb in less than 5 percent of samples after extreme drought stress in 1991-1992.…”

Section: Southern Africamentioning

confidence: 99%

Achieving a nutrition revolution for Africa: The road to healthier diets and optimal nutrition

Ayalew¹,

Hoffmann²,

Lindahl³

et al. 2016

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Focusing the 2015 Annual Trends and Outlook Report (ATOR) on nutrition will contribute to a broader understanding of the critical role of nutrition in achieving international, continental, and national economic growth targets through agriculture, food security, and nutrition. This report presents information and analysis in support of evidence-based policy making that should inform the second generation of CAADP national investment plans now being developed. This is an important moment for shaping the region’s future and ensuring that the much-needed agriculture-led growth and development agenda can simultaneously deliver on improving nutrition, saving lives, improving productivity and health, and curbing nutrition-related diseases and the associated public health expenditures. These investment plans should address not only the usual elements of undernutrition but also widespread micronutrient deficiencies (termed “hidden hunger”) and the growing problem of overweight and obesity that is associated with economic growth.1 introduction 2 The African union policy environment toward enabling action for nutrition in Africa 3 Africa’s progress toward meeting current nutrition targets 4 Economic development and nutrition transition in Ghana: taking stock of food consumption patterns and trends 5 Making African agriculture and food systems work for nutrition: what has been done, and what needs to be done? 6 Lessons learned from the evaluation of Helen Keller International’s enhanced homestead food production program 7 The role of biofortification as part of more diverse diets in Africa: progress, challenges, and opportunities 8 The role of mycotoxin contamination in nutrition: the aflatoxin story 9 The challenges, opportunities, and lessons learned in evidence-informed decision making in Africa 10 Evaluating nutrition-sensitive programs: challenges, methods, and opportunities 11 Supporting multisectoral action: capacity and nutrition leadership challenges facing Africa 12 Tracking key CAADP indicators and implementation processes 13 Summary and policy recommendations: toward a nutrition revolution for AfricaReportPRIFPRI1; ReSAKSS; HarvestPlus; B Promoting healthy food systemsDSGD; WCAO; ESAO; HarvestPlus; PHND; A4NH; MTIDCGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH

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An Overview on Mycotoxin Contamination of Foods in Africa

Cited by 160 publications

References 67 publications

Worldwide Mycotoxins Exposure in Pig and Poultry Feed Formulations

Worldwide Mycotoxins Exposure in Pig and Poultry Feed Formulations

Postharvest Practices and Mycotoxins of Maize in Three Agro-Ecological Zones in Tanzania

Achieving a nutrition revolution for Africa: The road to healthier diets and optimal nutrition

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