An overview to nano‐scale analytical techniques: Nano‐liquid chromatography and capillary electrochromatography

Fanali, Salvatore

doi:10.1002/elps.201600573

Cited by 49 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 90 publications

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“…Recent examples include environmental analysis [1], biomolecular separations [2, 3], and mobile heath diagnostics [4]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward miniaturized analysis of chemical identity and purity of radiopharmaceuticals via microchip electrophoresis

Cheung

et al. 2018

Anal Bioanal Chem

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Miniaturized synthesis of positron emission tomography (PET) tracers is poised to offer numerous advantages including reduced tracer production costs and increased availability of diverse tracers. While many steps of the tracer production process have been miniaturized, there has been relatively little development of microscale systems for the quality control (QC) testing process that is required by regulatory agencies to ensure purity, identity, and biological safety of the radiotracer before use in human subjects. Every batch must be tested, and in contrast with ordinary pharmaceuticals, the whole set of tests of radiopharmaceuticals must be completed within a short-period of time to minimize losses due to radioactive decay. By replacing conventional techniques with microscale analytical ones, it may be possible to significantly reduce instrument cost, conserve lab space, shorten analysis times, and streamline this aspect of PET tracer production. We focus in this work on miniaturizing the subset of QC tests for chemical identity and purity. These tests generally require high-resolution chromatographic separation prior to detection to enable the approach to be applied to many different tracers (and their impurities), and have not yet, to the best of our knowledge, been tackled in microfluidic systems. Toward this end, we previously explored the feasibility of using the technique of capillary electrophoresis (CE) as a replacement for the "gold standard" approach of using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) since CE offers similar separating power, flexibility, and sensitivity, but can readily be implemented in a microchip format. Using a conventional CE system, we previously demonstrated the successful separation of non-radioactive version of a clinical PET tracer, 3'-deoxy-3'-fluorothymidine (FLT), from its known by-products, and the separation of the PET tracer 1-(2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-β-D-arabinofuranosyl)-cytosine (D-FAC) from its α-isomer, with sensitivity nearly as good as HPLC. Building on this feasibility study, in this paper, we describe the first effort to miniaturize the chemical identity and purity tests by using microchip electrophoresis (MCE). The fully automated proof-of-concept system comprises a chip for sample injection, a separation capillary, and an optical detection chip. Using the same model compound (FLT and its known by-products), we demonstrate that samples can be injected, separated, and detected, and show the potential to match the performance of HPLC. Addition of a radiation detector in the future would enable analysis of radiochemical identity and purity in the same device. We envision that eventually this MCE method could be combined with other miniaturized QC tests into a compact integrated system for automated routine QC testing of radiopharmaceuticals in the future. Graphical abstract Miniaturized quality control (QC) testing of batches of radiopharmaceuticals via microfluidic analysis. The proof-of-concept hybrid microchip electrophoresis (MCE) device demonstrated the fea...

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“…Recent examples include environmental analysis [1], biomolecular separations [2, 3], and mobile heath diagnostics [4]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward miniaturized analysis of chemical identity and purity of radiopharmaceuticals via microchip electrophoresis

Cheung

et al. 2018

Anal Bioanal Chem

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“…Compared with conventional chromatographic methods, the low flow rate (range: 50–800 nL/min) is often used in nano/capillary LC, which in turn reduces the chromatographic dilution and increases the mass sensitivity. Because of its features, this miniaturized LC technique has gained growing interest in various application fields, including peptides, proteins, and drugs (Fanali, ). For instance, Zhang et al () developed a trapping‐micro‐LC‐MS method to eliminate the majority of matrix peptides and detrimental components, while maintaining high‐throughput and robustness.…”

Section: Chromatography and Detectormentioning

confidence: 99%

Technologies to improve the sensitivity of existing chromatographic methods used for bioanalytical studies

Chen

Gao

Zhong

2020

Biomedical Chromatography

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Chromatographic method has long been recognized as the most widely used separation method in bioanalytical research. However, the relatively low sensitivity of existing chromatographic methods remains a significant challenge, as the requirements for experimental procedures become more demanding. This review discusses the main causes for the low sensitivity of chromatographic methods and aims to introduce different technologies for enhancing their sensitivity in the following aspects: (i) different pretreatment methods for improving clean‐up efficiency and recovery; (ii) derivatization step for altering the chromatographic behavior of analytes and enhancing MS ionization efficiency; (iii) optimal LC–MS conditions and appropriate separation mechanism; and (iv) applications of other chromatographic methods, including miniaturized LC, 2D‐LC, 2D‐GC, and supercritical fluid chromatography. Altogether, this review is devoted to summarizing the recent technologies reported in the literature and providing new strategies for the detection of bioanalytes.

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“…In the last decade, zirconia has come out as an alternative porous base material. Zirconia particles are receiving considerable attention as stationary phase support in HPLC, since they present a very high stability in a wide pH range (1- 14) and prolonged lifetimes at temperatures up to 200 • C in chromatographic separations. Since the surface of bare zirconia cannot be covalently modified owing to the instability of Zr-C and Zr-O-Si bonds in water, zirconia-based CSPs have been prepared by coating CSs on its surface through Lewis acidbase chemistry.…”

Section: Chiral Separations Using Polysaccharide Derivative Based Cspmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among them, cyclodextrins or their derivatives, glycopeptide antibiotics (vancomycin, teicoplanin, or some of their derivatives), quinine derivatives, polysaccharides (amylose or cellulose derivatives), etc., are the ones currently applied. Studies and applications related to the different CSs used in CEC for enantiomers separation have been reported over the years in different review papers [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enantiomers separation by capillary electrochromatography using polysaccharide‐based stationary phases

Orazio

Asensio-Ramos

Fanali

2018

J of Separation Science

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The separation of chiral compounds is an interesting and important topic of research because these compounds are involved in some biological processes, fundamentally in human health. Among the various application fields where enantiomers are remarkable, drug analysis has to be considered. Most of the drugs contain enantiomers and very often one of the two isomers could be pharmacologically more active or even dangerous. Therefore, the separation of these compounds is very important. Among the different analytical techniques usually employed, capillary electrochromatography has demonstrated great capability in enantiomers resolution. The great potential of this electromigration technique stands mainly in its high efficiency due to the use of an electrosmotic flow (flat flow profile) and on the high selectivity because of the use of a stationary phase. Chiral separation can be obtained utilizing several chiral stationary phases including a polysaccharide derivative. The aim of this review paper is to summarize the main features of capillary electrochromatography and polysaccharide derivatives of chiral stationary phase. It also report examples of practical applications utilizing this approach.

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An overview to nano‐scale analytical techniques: Nano‐liquid chromatography and capillary electrochromatography

Cited by 49 publications

References 90 publications

Toward miniaturized analysis of chemical identity and purity of radiopharmaceuticals via microchip electrophoresis

Toward miniaturized analysis of chemical identity and purity of radiopharmaceuticals via microchip electrophoresis

Technologies to improve the sensitivity of existing chromatographic methods used for bioanalytical studies

Enantiomers separation by capillary electrochromatography using polysaccharide‐based stationary phases

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