An Ultra-short Period Rocky Super-Earth with a Secondary Eclipse and a Neptune-like Companion around K2-141

Malavolta, L.; Mayo, Andrew W.; Louden, Tom; Rajpaul, Vinesh; Bonomo, A. S.; Buchhave, Lars A.; Kreidberg, Laura; Kristiansen, Martti H.; López‐Morales, Mercedes; Mortier, A.; Vanderburg, Andrew; Coffinet, A.; Ehrenreich, D.; Lovis, C.; Bouchy, F.; Charbonneau, David; Ciardi, David R.; Cameron, A. Collier; Cosentino, R.; Crossfield, Ian J. M.; Damasso, M.; Dressing, Courtney D.; Dumusque, X.; Everett, Mark E.; Figueira, P.; Fiorenzano, A. F. Martínez; Gonzales, Erica J.; Haywood, R. D.; Harutyunyan, A.; Hirsch, Lea A.; Howell, Steve B.; Johnson, John Asher; Latham, David W.; Lopez, Eric; Mayor, M.; Micela, G.; Molinari, E.; Nascimbeni, V.; Pepe, F.; Phillips, David F.; Piotto, G.; Rice, Ken; Sasselov, Dimitar; Ségransan, D.; Sozzetti, A.; Udry, S.; Watson, Chris

doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aaa5b5

Cited by 144 publications

(129 citation statements)

References 115 publications

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“…WASP-104 is, to the best of our knowledge, only the third transiting planetary system with detected phase-curve modulation from the K2 mission (after Qatar-2 (Dai et al 2017;Močnik et al 2017b) and K2-141 (Malavolta et al 2018)). We unequivocally detect ellipsoidal modulation with a semiamplitude of 7 ppm, in agreement with the theoretically expected value.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

WASP-104b is Darker Than Charcoal

Močnik

Hellier

Southworth

2018

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By analyzing the K2 short-cadence data from Campaign 14, we detect phase-curve modulation in the light curve of the hot-Jupiter host star WASP-104. The ellipsoidal modulation is detected with high significance and in agreement with theoretical expectations, while Doppler beaming and reflection modulations are detected tentatively. We show that the visual geometric albedo is lower than 0.03 at 95% confidence, making it one of the least-reflective planets found to date. The light curve also exhibits a rotational modulation, implying a stellar rotational period likely to be near 23 or 46 days. In addition, we refine the system parameters and place tight upper limits for transit timing and duration variations, starspot occultation events, and additional transiting planets.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

WASP-104b is Darker Than Charcoal

Močnik

Hellier

Southworth

2018

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“…Typically, detection papers focus on > 6σ results for planet masses (e.g. Haywood et al 2018;Malavolta et al 2018), and even higher precision for radii. Requiring this level of precision for detections places severe practical limits on the number of planets for which well-constrained masses and radii are available.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using HARPS-N to characterize the long-period planets in the PH-2 and Kepler-103 systems

Dubber

Mortier

Rice

et al. 2019

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

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We present confirmation of the planetary nature of PH-2b, as well as the first mass estimates for the two planets in the Kepler-103 system. PH-2b and Kepler-103c are both long-period and transiting, a sparsely-populated category of exoplanet. We use Kepler light-curve data to estimate a radius, and then use HARPS-N radial velocities to determine the semi-amplitude of the stellar reflex motion and, hence, the planet mass. For PH-2b we recover a 3.5-σ mass estimate of M p = 109 +30 −32 M ⊕ and a radius of R p = 9.49 ± 0.16 R ⊕ . This means that PH-2b has a Saturn-like bulk density and is the only planet of this type with an orbital period P > 200 days that orbits a single star. We find that Kepler-103b has a mass of M p,b = 11.7 +4.31 −4.72 M ⊕ and Kepler-103c has a mass of M p,c = 58.5 +11.2 −11.4 M ⊕ . These are 2.5σ and 5σ results, respectively. With radii of R p,b = 3.49 +0.06 −0.05 R ⊕ , and R p,c = 5.45 +0.18 −0.17 R ⊕ , these results suggest that Kepler-103b has a Neptune-like density, while Kepler-103c is one of the highest density planets with a period P > 100 days. By providing high-precision estimates for the masses of the long-period, intermediate-mass planets PH-2b and Kepler-103c, we increase the sample of long-period planets with known masses and radii, which will improve our understanding of the mass-radius relation across the full range of exoplanet masses and radii.

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“…For the brightest targets the upcoming ARIEL telescope (Venot et al 2018) will prove to be the optimal choice. USP super-Earths: K2-141 b (Malavolta et al 2018), Kepler-10 b (Batalha et al 2011), WASP-47 e (Becker et al 2015) and the recently discovered 55 Cancri twin -HD213885 b (Espinoza et al 2019), may prove to be ideal for atmospheric characterisation.…”

Section: Future Observability Of Super-earthsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atmospheric compositions and observability of nitrogen-dominated ultra-short-period super-Earths

Zilinskas

Miguel

Mollière

et al. 2020

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

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We explore the chemistry and observability of nitrogen dominated atmospheres for ultra-short-period super-Earths. We base the assumption, that super-Earths could have nitrogen filled atmospheres, on observations of 55 Cnc e that favour a scenario with a high-mean-molecular-weight atmosphere. We take Titan's elemental budget as our starting point and using chemical kinetics compute a large range of possible compositions for a hot super-Earth. We use analytical temperature profiles and explore a parameter space spanning orders of magnitude in C/O & N/O ratios, while always keeping nitrogen the dominant component. We generate synthetic transmission and emission spectra and assess their potential observability with the future James Webb Space Telescope and ARIEL. Our results suggest that HCN is a strong indicator of a high C/O ratio, which is similar to what is found for H-dominated atmospheres. We find that these worlds are likely to possess C/O > 1.0, and that HCN, CN, CO should be the primary molecules to be searched for in thermal emission. For lower temperatures (T < 1500 K), we additionally find NH 3 in high N/O ratio cases, and C 2 H 4 , CH 4 in low N/O ratio cases to be strong absorbers. Depletion of hydrogen in such atmospheres would make CN, CO and NO exceptionally prominent molecules to look for in the 0.6 -5.0 µm range. Our models show that the upcoming JWST and ARIEL missions will be able to distinguish atmospheric compositions of ultra-short period super-Earths with unprecedented confidence.

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An Ultra-short Period Rocky Super-Earth with a Secondary Eclipse and a Neptune-like Companion around K2-141

Cited by 144 publications

References 115 publications

WASP-104b is Darker Than Charcoal

WASP-104b is Darker Than Charcoal

Using HARPS-N to characterize the long-period planets in the PH-2 and Kepler-103 systems

Atmospheric compositions and observability of nitrogen-dominated ultra-short-period super-Earths

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