An ultrasensitive label-free electrochemical immunosensor based on 3D porous chitosan–graphene–ionic liquid–ferrocene nanocomposite cryogel decorated with gold nanoparticles for prostate-specific antigen
“…In the presence of GO modification, a decrease in the Rct value was observed since the GO-modified surface was becoming more conductive in contrast to the unmodified PGE, similarly as reported in the literature [38][39][40]43]. After GO-IL modification onto the electrode surface, there was a 43 % decrease observed in the Rct value as GO-IL composites improved conductivity at the electrode surface by facilitating more electron transfer between the solution and the electrode interface by graphene oxides, similarly as reported in earlier work [30].…”
Graphene-oxide and ionic liquid composite-modified pencil graphite electrodes (GO-IL-PGEs) were developed and used as a sensing platform for breast cancer 1 (BRCA1) gene detection. The characterization of GO-IL modified electrodes was executed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The nucleic-acid hybridization was monitored by a differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) technique by directly measuring the guanine oxidation signal without using any indicator. The effects of the IL concentration, the probe concentration, and the hybridization time were optimized to the biosensor response. The limit of detection (LOD) was calculated in the concentration range of 2–10 μg/mL for the BRCA1 gene and found to be 1.48 µg/mL. The sensitivity of the sensor was calculated as 1.49 µA.mL/µg.cm2. The developed biosensor can effectively discriminate the complementary target sequence in comparison to a three-base-mismatched sequence or the non-complementary one.
“…In the presence of GO modification, a decrease in the Rct value was observed since the GO-modified surface was becoming more conductive in contrast to the unmodified PGE, similarly as reported in the literature [38][39][40]43]. After GO-IL modification onto the electrode surface, there was a 43 % decrease observed in the Rct value as GO-IL composites improved conductivity at the electrode surface by facilitating more electron transfer between the solution and the electrode interface by graphene oxides, similarly as reported in earlier work [30].…”
Graphene-oxide and ionic liquid composite-modified pencil graphite electrodes (GO-IL-PGEs) were developed and used as a sensing platform for breast cancer 1 (BRCA1) gene detection. The characterization of GO-IL modified electrodes was executed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The nucleic-acid hybridization was monitored by a differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) technique by directly measuring the guanine oxidation signal without using any indicator. The effects of the IL concentration, the probe concentration, and the hybridization time were optimized to the biosensor response. The limit of detection (LOD) was calculated in the concentration range of 2–10 μg/mL for the BRCA1 gene and found to be 1.48 µg/mL. The sensitivity of the sensor was calculated as 1.49 µA.mL/µg.cm2. The developed biosensor can effectively discriminate the complementary target sequence in comparison to a three-base-mismatched sequence or the non-complementary one.
“…6.64% for repeatability tests. Additionally, the reusability of developed was studied that showed the as-fabricated electrode is not disposable and can be used at least 10 times by only needs to be washed with hydrochloric acid (pH 2.0) and water to disrupt the binding between the ACE2 and S-protein after each analysis with 0.1 M PBS buffer [ 30 ]. Fig.…”
A label-free electrochemical biosensing approach as an appropriate analysis technique for SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (SARS-CoV-2 S-protein) was investigated to facilitate the diagnosis of coronavirus in real samples. It is crucial to construct diagnostic features that can rapidly identify infected individuals to limit the spread of the virus and assign treatment choices. Therefore, a novel and selective method using SiO
2
@UiO-66 and a label-free electrochemical immunoassay for rapidly detecting spike protein. The development of innovative approaches for direct viral detection employing simplified and ideally reagent-free assays is a pressing and difficult topic. The absence of speedy and effective ways to diagnose viral diseases especially SARS-CoV-2 on demand has worsened the issue of combating the COVID-19 pandemic. The developed electrode illustrated a wide dynamic range of 100.0 fg mL
−1
to 10.0 ng mL
−1
with low limit detection. Therefore, the as-fabricated electrochemical SARS-CoV-2 S-protein sensor suggests an appropriate perspective in the point-of-care system, within 5.0 min, in nasal samples with satisfactory recovery.
“…A chitosan-albumin cryogel with entrapped ferrocene and a layer of CNTs Glucose biosensor [152] A composite of chitosan, graphene, ionic liquid and ferrocene cryogel which was decorated with gold nanoparticles Measuring prostate-specific antigen. [190] Bioreactors Bacteria-based cryogels Degradation of organic contaminates [62,63] HEMA-alginate based cryogels Bioartificial liver device [191] 3D printing Poly(n-hydroxyethyl acrylamide-co-methyl vinyl ketone)…”
Cryogels obtained by the cryotropic gelation process are macroporous hydrogels with a well-developed system of interconnected pores and shape memory. There have been significant recent advancements in our understanding of the cryotropic gelation process, and in the relationship between components, their structure and the application of the cryogels obtained. As cryogels are one of the most promising hydrogel-based biomaterials, and this field has been advancing rapidly, this review focuses on the design of biodegradable cryogels as advanced biomaterials for drug delivery and tissue engineering. The selection of a biodegradable polymer is key to the development of modern biomaterials that mimic the biological environment and the properties of artificial tissue, and are at the same time capable of being safely degraded/metabolized without any side effects. The range of biodegradable polymers utilized for cryogel formation is overviewed, including biopolymers, synthetic polymers, polymer blends, and composites. The paper discusses a cryotropic gelation method as a tool for synthesis of hydrogel materials with large, interconnected pores and mechanical, physical, chemical and biological properties, adapted for targeted biomedical applications. The effect of the composition, cross-linker, freezing conditions, and the nature of the polymer on the morphology, mechanical properties and biodegradation of cryogels is discussed. The biodegradation of cryogels and its dependence on their production and composition is overviewed. Selected representative biomedical applications demonstrate how cryogel-based materials have been used in drug delivery, tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, cancer research, and sensing.
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