An Updated Checklist of the<i>Culicoides</i>Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) of Sardinia (Italy), and Seasonality in Proven and Potential Vectors for Bluetongue Virus (BTV)

Foxi, Cipriano; Pinna, M.; Monteys, Víctor Sarto i; Delrio, G.

doi:10.4289/0013-8797.113.4.403

Cited by 18 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 33 publications

(36 reference statements)

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“…In Sardinia, populations of C. imicola appeared only from April to December, meanwhile C. obsoletus, C. newsteadi and C. pulicaris were captured all year around (Foxi and Delrio, 2010;Foxi et al, 2011). Pili et al (2010) confirmed that C. scoticus was most abundant from late winter to early spring, whereas C. obsoletus was prevalent in early summer.…”

Section: South Europementioning

confidence: 84%

Section: Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Information from North Europe has been extensively produced since the last EFSA opinion published in 2008 (EFSA, 2008;Foxi et al, 2011;Romon et al, 2012;Gonzalez et al, 2013).…”

Section: North Europementioning

confidence: 99%

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Bluetongue: control, surveillance and safe movement of animals

Nielsen¹

2017

EFS2

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The performance of different bluetongue control measures related to both vaccination and protection from bluetongue virus (BTV) vectors was assessed. By means of a mathematical model, it was concluded that when vaccination is applied on 95% of animals even for 3 years, bluetongue cannot be eradicated and is able to re-emerge. Only after 5 years of vaccination, the infection may be close to the eradication levels. In the absence of vaccination, the disease can persist for several years, reaching an endemic condition with low level of prevalence of infection. Among the mechanisms for bluetongue persistence, the persistence in the wildlife, the transplacental transmission in the host, the duration of viraemia and the possible vertical transmission in vectors were assessed. The criteria of the current surveillance scheme in place in the EU for demonstration of the virus absence need revision, because it was highlighted that under the current surveillance policy bluetongue circulation might occur undetected. For the safe movement of animals, newborn ruminants from vaccinated mothers with neutralising antibodies can be considered protected against infection, although a protective titre threshold cannot be identified. The presence of colostral antibodies interferes with the vaccine immunisation in the newborn for more than 3 months after birth, whereas the minimum time after vaccination of animal to be considered immune can be up to 48 days. The knowledge about vectors ecology, mechanisms of over-wintering and criteria for the seasonally vector-free period was updated. Some Culicoides species are active throughout the year and an absolute vector-free period may not exist at least in some areas in Europe. To date, there is no evidence that the use of insecticides and repellents reduce the transmission of BTV in the field, although this may reduce host/vector contact. By only using pour-on insecticides, protection of animals is lower than the one provided by vector-proof establishments.

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Section: South Europementioning

confidence: 84%

Section: Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bluetongue: control, surveillance and safe movement of animals

Nielsen¹

2017

EFS2

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“…In the present study, these species were not reported and these were different from seasons of present study. Foxi [21] reported seasonal abundance of found in northern Sardinia, Italy. The seasonal abundance patterns of the eight species of were determined including .…”

Section: D E F C Dmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[20], Foxi [21] and Kim [22] wherein females were more than males (75.7%-99.25% females) which may be because female flies are obligate blood feeders which are meant for egg production and oviposition. Males are not blood feeders and usually die after mating.…”

Section: Culicoidesmentioning

confidence: 99%