Anabolic steroids and cardiovascular risk: A national population-based cohort study

Thiblin, Ingemar; Garmo, Hans; Garle, Mats; Holmberg, Lars; Byberg, Liisa; Michaëlsson, Karl; Gedeborg, Rolf

doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.04.013

Cited by 102 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Chronic use of AAS is associated with cardiovascular, endocrine, metabolic, neurologic, psychiatric, infectious, hepatic, renal, and musculoskeletal disorders, as well as early mortality (Kanayama et al, 2009;Pope et al, 2014). There is now well-recognized evidence linking AAS use to long-term risk of dyslipidemia, cardiomyopathy, major mood disorders, aggression, violence, and AAS dependence (e.g., Pope et al, 2014;Kanayama et al, 2008;Thiblin et al, 2015). Estimates indicate that between 2.9% and 4% of Americans have used AAS at some point in their lives, nearly double the rate of heroin use, and boys and men are much more likely to use AAS compared to girls and women (e.g., Pope et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anabolic steroid use and body image psychopathology in men: Delineating between appearance- versus performance-driven motivations

Murray

Griffiths

Mond

et al. 2016

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anabolic steroid use and body image psychopathology in men: Delineating between appearance- versus performance-driven motivations

Murray

Griffiths

Mond

et al. 2016

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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“…This is not the first investigation of the adverse health consequences of AAS. In a Swedish register‐based study, Thiblin and co‐workers followed 409 men who had tested positive for AAS and reported that the mortality was 18 times higher than anticipated . By comparison, we found that mortality was elevated threefold.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 48%

Health consequences of androgenic anabolic steroid use

2018

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Background The lifetime prevalence of androgenic anabolic steroid abuse is estimated to be around 6% for men, but there is limited knowledge about the side effects of these drugs. Objective To investigate mortality and morbidity amongst users of androgenic anabolic steroids (AAS). Methods In this retrospective matched cohort study, 545 male subjects tested positive for AAS in Danish fitness centres during the period 3 January 2006 to 1 March 2018. Subjects were matched with 5450 male controls. In addition, 644 men who were sanctioned because they refused to submit to a doping test and 6440 controls were included as a replication cohort. Results Mortality was three times higher amongst users of AAS than amongst nonuser controls (hazard ratio 3.0, 95% CI 1.3–7.0). The median annual number of hospital contacts was 0.81 in the cohort of AAS users and 0.36 in the control cohort (P < 0.0001). Acne, gynaecomastia and erectile dysfunction affected more than 10% of the androgenic anabolic steroid users, and the prevalence of these disorders was significantly higher than in the control group (P < 0.0001). The results could be replicated in a similar cohort. Conclusion Androgenic anabolic steroid users have an increased risk of dying and significantly more hospital admissions than their nonuser peers. Side effects of AAS and their metabolites were highly prevalent. Given the high rate of androgenic anabolic steroid abuse, these side effects are of public health concern.

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“…De aller fleste brukere benytter to eller flere preparater samtidig ("stacking"), og bruker AAS syklisk, hvor perioder med høyt forbruk blir fulgt av perioder uten bruk (Parkinson & Evans, 2006). Når AAS brukes i suprafysiologiske doser, kan kroppen på sikt slutte å produsere naturlig testosteron (Christou et al, 2017;Kanayama et al, 2015), og man kan utvikle psykiske og fysiske bivirkninger og sosiale følgetilstander av varierende alvorlighetsgrad (Bjørnebekk et al, 2016;Kanayama, Kean, Hudson, & Pope, 2013;Parkinson & Evans, 2006;Pope & Katz, 1988, 1994Thiblin et al, 2015;Westlye, Kaufmann, Alnaes, Hullstein, & Bjørnebekk, 2017). I tillegg er det anslått at mellom 20 og 50% utvikler avhengighet av AAS, og dermed kan ha vansker med å avslutte bruk (Bjørnebekk et al, 2016;Brower, Blow, Young, & Hill, 1991;Copeland, Peters, & Dillon, 2000;Kanayama, Brower, Wood, Hudson, & Pope, 2009, 2010.…”

unclassified

“Mer hjelp, mindre moralpreken”

Jørstad¹,

Skogheim

Bergsund³

2018

Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs

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Background: Anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) use can lead to increased muscle mass and strength as well as undesired side effects with varying severities. In Norway, the specialized health services responsible for treating substance use disorders are also responsible for help provision to AAS users with health problems. The aim of this study was to find out how health services can be made more accessible to AAS users in need of treatment. Methods: A questionnaire was posted on four online forums, and explored the following themes: use of AAS, side effects, need for health services, and interest in health services. Results: Seventy-four respondents answered the questionnaire, of which 57 were current AAS users and 17 were previous users. Only one of the previous users had received treatment after ceasing use of AAS; the majority ceased use without external assistance. To facilitate uptake of health services, respondents identified assurance of confidentiality, treatment provider expertise of AAS, and respect during treatment as important factors. Most respondents expressed interest in a no-obligation health assessment. Conclusion: Increased knowledge of AAS among health services providers may help counteract stigma, build up

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Anabolic steroids and cardiovascular risk: A national population-based cohort study

Cited by 102 publications

References 44 publications

Anabolic steroid use and body image psychopathology in men: Delineating between appearance- versus performance-driven motivations

Anabolic steroid use and body image psychopathology in men: Delineating between appearance- versus performance-driven motivations

Health consequences of androgenic anabolic steroid use

“Mer hjelp, mindre moralpreken”

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