Anaemia among mother-father-child pairs in India: examining co-existence of triple burden of anaemia in a family

Abstract

Background Anaemia is a global health concern and is also a common comorbidity in multiple medical conditions. Very limited research is available examining anaemia among family members in India and across various countries. The present study aimed to examine the co-existence of the triple burden of anaemia among mother-father-child pairs in a family. Methods The data utilized was from the National Family Health Survey conducted in 2015–16. The effective sample size for the study was 26,910 couples, along with children aged 6–59 months. The bivariate and binary logistic regression analysis were applied to assess the factors associated with family-level anaemia. In bivariate analysis, a chi-square test was performed to determine the association of socio-demographic factors with anaemic family. Results More than half of the mothers (57.5%) and their children (58%), along with 10% of fathers, were found to be anaemic; however, the co-existence of triple burden of anaemia among mother-father-child pairs was 4.7% in the study. The likelihood of family-level anaemia was low when both the parents were educated [OR: 0.69, CI: 0.58–0.81], and it was high when both the parents were employed [OR: 1.40 CI: 1.10–1.80]. Families from the Scheduled Tribe had a 62% higher likelihood to suffer from anaemia [OR: 1.62, CI: 1.33–1.97]. Conclusions The suggested interventions include early diagnosis, effective management, and treatment of anaemia. Moreover, adequate complementary feeding practices for children shall also be promoted. Parental education on nutrition is also required, and community interventions are needed to improve parental education on nutrition. At last, there is a need for greater policy and program attention to improving nutritional knowledge among mothers so as to tackle the triple burden of anaemia among mother-father-child pairs.

Determinants and Spatial Factors of Anemia in Women of Reproductive Age in the DRC: A Bayesian Multilevel Ordinal Logistic Regression Model Approach

“…Kumar P., at all believe that if both mother and father are educated, the probability of anemia in a family is low. But, if either the mother or the father is educated, this probability becomes low (71). UNESCO states that education alone is a health intervention.…”

Analisis Faktor Risiko Anemia Pada Balita : Scoping Review

“…Selain itu berdasarkan penelitian Jobarteh et al Dalam kondisi zat besi ibu rendah dan tidak mendapatkan asupan zinc tambahan maka plasenta akan meningkatkan ekspresi gen protein serapan zat besi dan zinc. Hal ini dimungkinkan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan janin dalam menghadapi suplai zat besi ibu yang rendah (Jobarteh et al, 2017) Berdasarkan dari beberapa hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pendidikan sangat berpengaruh dengan tingkat anemia pada balita (4,8,10), karena semakin rendah pendidikan ibu semakin tinggi juga kemungkinan balita akan mengalami anemia, hal ini didukung oleh penelitian Al-Suhiemat et al (2020) dan Ngesa & Mwambi (2014) yang memperlihatkan bahwa pendidikan ibu memiliki hubungan yang signifikan dengan anemia pada balita, karena pendidikan ibu berpengaruh juga pada keluasan pengetahuan ibu mengenai kesehatan dan nutrisi dan dimana ibu juga merupakan faktor kunci sebagai pengasuh utama dalam keluarga (Kumar, Chauhan, Patel, & Srivastava, 2021), Pekerjaan ibu juga menunjukkan hubungan yang signifikan dengan kecenderungan terjadinya anemia pada balita (7, 16) hal ini berdasarkan hasil penelitian Alemayehu et al (2019) yang menunjukkan bahwa ibu yang bekerja di pemerintahan mendapatkan peluang lebih rendah untuk memiliki balita dengan anemia, akan tetapi sebaliknya pada balita yang memiliki ibu sebagai buruh harian, pembuat tembikar dan pembantu rumah tangga, memiliki peluang lebih besar terkena anemia jika dibandingkan dengan balita yang memiliki ibu sebagai ibu rumah tangga, hal ini dikarenakan beban kerja yang dimiliki ibu lebih besar sehingga sangat memungkinkan untuk mempengaruhi gizi pada balita, dan dikarenakan keterbatasan waktu untuk bekerja menyebabkan ibu terkadang lalai memenuhi gizi pada balitanya (Alemayehu et al, 2019) .…”

Four Essays on Health and Nutrition of Indian Women and Children

“…In addition, maternal age at birth (<17, 17-19, 20-24, 25-29 and 30-49 years), child's age (0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 years), child's sex (male and female), child's birth order (first, second, third, fourth and fifth or higher), area of residence (urban and rural), religion (Hinduism, Islam, Christianity and Sikhism or others), social group (SCs, STs, Other Backward Classes and Others), wealth index and state of residence (non-high focus group states and high focus group states) were included as potential predictors. Inclusion and computation of the variables was guided by a range of existing literature focused on assessing the effect of parental characteristics on health of their children in India and other low-and middle-income countries (Kumar et al, 2021a;Kumar et al, 2021b;Puri et al, 2020;Patel et al, 2020;Vollmer et al, 2017;Rai et al, 2017;Sinha et al, 2016;Corsi et al, 2015;Subramanian et al, 2010;Özaltin et al, 2010;Subramanian et al, 2009). More about the construction and definition of variables in NFHS-4 can be obtained from the DHS recode manual VII (ICF, 2018).…”

“…While searching relevant literature, emphasis was laid on studies which analysed parental sociodemographic and behavioural characteristics, and parental health status and their effects on offspring health. Of sociodemographic characteristics, the literature search suggested that child marriage of girls (married before age 18) in India was associated with increased risk of offspring morbidity and mortality (Kumar et al, 2021a;Fall et al, 2015;Finlay et al, 2011;Raj et al, 2010). When it comes to child marriage of boys, the literature is rather scarce.…”

“…Recent studies have demonstrated that children of uneducated parents are more likely to experience poor health outcomes as compared to children with educated parents in India (Kumar et al, 2021b;Puri et al, 2020;Srivastava and Upadhyay, 2022). Studies have also found that maternal education has a protective association with double burden of malnutrition (Patel et al, 2020) and triple burden of malnutrition among their children (Kumar et al, 2021a;Kumar et al, 2021b). A global systematic review and meta-analysis (Balaj et al 2021) found that not only illiteracy but also lower maternal and paternal education are risk factors for child mortality, whereas an analysis of 80 DHS datasets from 62 countries revealed that higher maternal and paternal educational levels were associated with lower childhood anthropometric failures (Vollmer et al, 2017).…”