Anaerobic microflora of the vagina in children

Hammerschlag, Margaret R.; Alpert, Susan; Onderdonk, Andrew B.; Thurston, Pauline; Drude, Ellen; McCormack, William M.; Bartlett, John G.

doi:10.1016/s0002-9378(16)33130-1

Cited by 81 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 11 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…is associated with a healthy state and is thought to protect reproductive age women from non-indigenous pathogens [5-26], certainly by contributing to the maintenance of a low vaginal pH (<4.5) through the production of lactic acid [24,27-34]. The vaginal microbiota is unique as it undergoes major compositional changes throughout a women’s lifespan from birth, to puberty and menopause [35-41]. Very little is known about the composition of the vaginal microbiota throughout these transitional stages, but it appears that sex steroid hormones play major roles in driving the composition and stability of the vaginal microbiota [39,42-49].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The composition and stability of the vaginal microbiota of normal pregnant women is different from that of non-pregnant women

et al. 2014

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

BackgroundThis study was undertaken to characterize the vaginal microbiota throughout normal human pregnancy using sequence-based techniques. We compared the vaginal microbial composition of non-pregnant patients with a group of pregnant women who delivered at term.ResultsA retrospective case–control longitudinal study was designed and included non-pregnant women (n = 32) and pregnant women who delivered at term (38 to 42 weeks) without complications (n = 22). Serial samples of vaginal fluid were collected from both non-pregnant and pregnant patients. A 16S rRNA gene sequence-based survey was conducted using pyrosequencing to characterize the structure and stability of the vaginal microbiota. Linear mixed effects models and generalized estimating equations were used to identify the phylotypes whose relative abundance was different between the two study groups. The vaginal microbiota of normal pregnant women was different from that of non-pregnant women (higher abundance of Lactobacillus vaginalis, L. crispatus, L. gasseri and L. jensenii and lower abundance of 22 other phylotypes in pregnant women). Bacterial community state type (CST) IV-B or CST IV-A characterized by high relative abundance of species of genus Atopobium as well as the presence of Prevotella, Sneathia, Gardnerella, Ruminococcaceae, Parvimonas, Mobiluncus and other taxa previously shown to be associated with bacterial vaginosis were less frequent in normal pregnancy. The stability of the vaginal microbiota of pregnant women was higher than that of non-pregnant women; however, during normal pregnancy, bacterial communities shift almost exclusively from one CST dominated by Lactobacillus spp. to another CST dominated by Lactobacillus spp.ConclusionWe report the first longitudinal study of the vaginal microbiota in normal pregnancy. Differences in the composition and stability of the microbial community between pregnant and non-pregnant women were observed. Lactobacillus spp. were the predominant members of the microbial community in normal pregnancy. These results can serve as the basis to study the relationship between the vaginal microbiome and adverse pregnancy outcomes.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The composition and stability of the vaginal microbiota of normal pregnant women is different from that of non-pregnant women

et al. 2014

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…These studies report isolating Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, diphtheroids, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Proteus mirabilis, Streptococci spp., and Lactobacilli spp. 1,3,25,26 In general, these studies report the same bacterial types but not in the same abundances. This inconsistency suggests that these studies may be incomparable because of the different age ranges that characterized the cohorts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Bacterial Populations in the Vaginas of Healthy Adolescent Women

Yamamoto

Zhou

Williams

et al. 2009

Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology

134

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…More than 30 years ago Hammerschlag et al 6,7 published results of vaginal swab microbiologic cultures in healthy, 2-month-to 15-year-old girls showing that vagina is colonized even at such an early age by a wide range of bacteria and yeasts: Diphtheroids (78%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (73%), α-hemolytic streptococci (39%), Escherichia coli (34%), Candida species (28%), Ureoplasma urealyticum (27%), Klebsiella (15%), Enterococcus species 10%, Group D streptococci (8.5%), Staphylococcus aureus (7%), Mycoplasma hominis (6%), Haemophilus influenzae (5%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (5%), Proteus (5%). Methodologically similar studies on women in reproductive age, apart from the above bacteria, isolated, more or less frequently, other aerobes and facultative anaerobes (Peptostreptococcus, Gardnerella, Bacteroides, Veillonella, Bifidobacterium, etc.)…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%